A diesel engine is an internal combustion engine that uses the heat of compression to initiate ignition to burn the fuel, which is injected into the combustion chamber during the final stage of compression. This is in contrast to a petrol engine (known as a gasoline engine in North America) or gas engine, which uses the Otto cycle, in which a fuel/air mixture is ignited by a spark plug.
It operates using the diesel cycle (named after Rudolf Diesel). Diesel engines have the highest thermal efficiency of any internal or external combustion engine, because of their compression ratio. Low-speed diesel engine's thermal efficiency exceeds 50%.
Diesel engines are manufactured in two stroke and four stroke versions. They were originally used as a more efficient replacement for stationary steam engines. Since the 1910s they have been used in submarines and ships. Use in locomotives, large trucks and electric generating plants followed later. In the 1930s, they slowly began to be used in a few automobiles. Since the 1970s, the use of diesel engines in larger on-road and off-road vehicles in the USA increased. As of 2007, about 50 percent of all new car sales in Europe are diesel.
History
Main article: Rudolf DieselRudolf Diesel, of German nationality, was born in 1858 in Paris where his parents were Bavarian immigrants. He was educated at Munich Polytechnic. After graduation he was employed as a refrigerator engineer but his true love lay in engine design. Diesel designed many heat engines, including a solar-powered air engine. In 1893, he published a paper describing an engine with combustion within a cylinder, the internal combustion engine. In 1894, he filed for a patent for his new invention, dubbed the diesel engine. His engine was the first to prove that fuel could be ignited without a spark. He operated his first successful engine in 1897.
In 1898, Diesel was granted U.S. Patent 608,845 for an "internal combustion engine".
Though best known for his invention of the pressure-ignited heat engine that bears his name, Rudolf Diesel was also a well-respected thermal engineer and a social theorist. Diesel's inventions have three points in common: they relate to heat transfer by natural physical processes or laws; they involve markedly creative mechanical design; and they were initially motivated by the inventor's concept of sociological needs. Rudolf Diesel originally conceived the diesel engine to enable independent craftsmen and artisans to compete with industry.
At Augsburg, on August 10, 1893, Rudolf Diesel's prime model, a single 10-foot (3.0 m) iron cylinder with a flywheel at its base, ran on its own power for the first time. Diesel spent two more years making improvements and in 1896 demonstrated another model with a theoretical efficiency of 75 percent, in contrast to the 10 percent efficiency of the steam engine. By 1898, Diesel had become a millionaire. His engines were used to power pipelines, electric and water plants, automobiles and trucks, and marine craft. They were soon to be used in mines, oil fields, factories, and transoceanic shipping.
History timeline
Main article: History of the internal combustion engine
- 1824: French physicist Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot established the thermodynamic theory of idealized heat engines. This scientifically established the need for compression to increase the difference between the upper and lower working temperatures.
- 1890: May, Herbert Akroyd Stuart jointly with Charles Richard Binney obtain patent No. 7146 entitled: "Improvements in Engines Operated by the Explosion of Mixtures of Combustible Vapour or Gas and Air". This patent describes the World's first compression-ignition engine.
- 1892: Hornsby of Lincoln, England, build the world's first internal combustion engine to run on purely compression ignition. (experimental)
- 1892: February 23, Rudolf Diesel obtains a patent (RP 67207) titled "Arbeitsverfahren und Ausführungsart für Verbrennungsmaschienen".
- 1893: Diesel's essay titled Theory and Construction of a Rational Heat-engine to Replace the Steam Engine and Combustion Engines Known Today
- 1897: On August 10 Diesel builds his first working prototype in Augsburg
- 1898 Diesel licences his engine to Branobel, Russian oil company, that is interested in the engine which can consume non-distilled oil. Branobel's engineers spent 4 years designing ship-mounted engine.
- 1899: Diesel licenses his engine to builders Krupp and Sulzer, who quickly become major manufacturers.
- 1902: until 1910 MAN produced 82 copies of the stationary diesel engine.
- 1903: Sormovo Shipbuilding Yard launches "Vandal" oil-tanker - first ship propelled by diesel engine.
- 1904: The French build the first diesel submarine, the Z.
- 1905: For diesel engines turbochargers and intercoolers were manufactured by Büchl (CH), as well as a scroll loader from Creux (F) company.
- 1908: Prosper L'Orange develops with Deutz a precisely controlled injection pump with a needle injection nozzle.
- 1909: The prechamber with hemispherical combustion chamber is developed by Prosper L'Orange with Benz.
- 1910: The Norwegian research ship Fram is the first ship of the world with a Diesel drive, afterwards Selandia was the first trading vessel. By 1960 the Diesel drive had displaced steam turbine and coal fired steam engines.
- 1912: The Danish built first diesel ship MS Selandia . The first locomotive with a diesel engine.
- 1913: U.S. Navy submarines use NELSECO units. Rudolf Diesel died mysteriously when he crossed the English Channel on the SS Dresden .
- 1914: German U-Boats are powered by MAN diesels.
- 1919: Prosper L'Orange obtains a patent on a prechamber insert and makes a needle injection nozzle. First diesel engine from Cummins.
- 1921: Prosper L'Orange builds a continuous variable output injection pump.
- 1922: First vehicle with (pre-chamber) diesel engine is theAgricultural tractor type 6 of Mercedes-Benz agricultural tractor OE Benz Sendling.
- 1923: first truck with diesel engine made by MAN, Benz and Daimler was tested.
- 1924: The introduction on the truck market of the diesel engine by commercial truck manufacturers in the IAA. Fairbanks-Morse starts building diesel engines.
- 1927: First truck injection pump and injection nozzles of Bosch. First passenger car prototype of Stoewer.
- 1930s: Caterpillar starts building diesels for their tractors.
- 1932: Introduction of strongest Diesel truck of the world by MAN with 160 hp (120 kW).
- 1933: of first passenger cars with diesel engine (Citroën Rosalie), Citroën uses an engine of the English Diesel pioneer sir Harry Ricardo . The car does not go into production due to legal restrictions in the use of Diesel engines.
- 1934: First turbo Diesel engine for railway train by Maybach.
- 1934–35: Junkers Motorenwerke in Germany starts production of the Jumo aviation diesel engine family, the most famous of these being the Jumo 205, of which over 900 examples are produced by the outbreak of World War II.
- 1936: Mercedes-Benz builds the 260D diesel car. AT&SF inaugurates the diesel train Super Chief. Airship Hindenburg is powered by diesel engines. First series manufactured passenger cars with diesel engine (Mercedes-Benz 260 D, Hanomag and Saurer). Daimler Benz airship diesel engine 602LOF6 for airship the LZ129 Hindenburg.
- 1937: BMW 114 (aircraft engine)|BMW 114 experimental airplane diesel engine development.
- 1938: First turbo Diesel engine of Saurer.
- 1944: Development of Air cooling for diesel engines by Klöckner Humboldt Deutz AG (KHD) for the production stage and later also for Magirus Deutz.
- 1953: Turbo Diesel truck for Mercedes in small series.
- 1954: Turbo-Diesel truck in mass production of Volvo. First diesel engine with an overhead cam shaft of Daimler Benz.
- 1968: Peugeot introduces the 204, the first small cars with a transversally mounted diesel engine and front-wheel drive.
- 1973: DAF produces an air-cooled diesel engine.
- 1976 February: Testing of a diesel engine of Volkswagen for the passenger car Volkswagen Golf. The Common Rail injection system was developed by the ETH Zurich from 1976 to 1992.
- 1977: The production of the first passenger car turbo-Diesels (Mercedes 300 SD).
- 1983: Grasshopper Mowers introduces the first zero-turn lawn mower powered by a diesel engine.
- 1985: ATI Intercooler
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