Luganda , sometimes known as Ganda , is a major language of Uganda, spoken by over ten million people mainly in Southern Uganda which includes the Ugandan capital Kampala. It belongs to the Bantu branch of the Niger-Congo language family. Typologically, it is an agglutinating language with subject-verb-object word order and nominative-accusative morphosyntactic alignment.
With about six million first-language-speakers in the Buganda region and about four million others with a working knowledge, it is the most widely spoken Ugandan language, and as second language in Uganda is next to English. The language is used in some primary schools in Buganda as pupils begin to learn English, the official language of Uganda. Until the 1960s, Luganda was also the official language of instruction in primary schools in Eastern Uganda.
Phonology
A notable feature of Luganda phonology is its geminate consonants and distinctions between long and short vowels. speakers generally consider consonantal gemination and vowel lengthening to be two manifestations of the same effect, which they call simply "doubling" or "stressing".
Luganda is also a tonal language; the change in the pitch of a syllable can change the meaning of a word. For example the word kabaka means 'king' if all three syllables are given the same pitch. If the first syllable is high then the meaning changes to 'the little one catches' (third person singular present tense Class VI ka- of -baka 'to catch'). This feature makes Luganda a difficult language for speakers of non-tonal languages to learn, a non-native speaker has to learn the variations of pitch by prolonged listening.
Vowels
All five vowels have two forms: long and short. The distinction is phonemic but can occur only in certain positions. After two consonants, the latter being a semivowel, and before two consonants, the former being a nasal, all vowels are long. Before a geminate, all vowels are short. The quality of a vowel is not affected by its length.
Consonants
The table below gives the consonant set of Luganda, grouping voiceless and voiced consonants together in a cell where appropriate, in that order.
- The liquids and are actually allophones of a single phoneme though the distinction is reflected in the orthography and is generally recognised by native speakers.
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/ are slightly labialised and so could also be transcribed and respectively.
- The postalveolar affricates /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ may be realised as palatals—either plosives ( and respectively) or affricates ( and .
Apart from /l~r/ , all these consonants can be geminated, even at the start of a word: bbiri ('two'), kitto ('cold'). The affricates /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ are realised as and respectively when geminated: kinakkinaye ('to hurry'), jjajja ('grandfather'). The approximants /w/ and /j/ are geminated as and : eggwanga ('country'); jjenje ('cricket')—from the roots wanga and yenje /jéːndʒe/ respectively, with the singular noun prefix e- that doubles the following consonant.
Apart from /l~r/ , /w/ and /j/ , all consonants can also be prenasalised—prefixed with a nasal consonant. This consonant will be , , or according to the place of articulation, and belongs to the same syllable as the consonant it precedes.
The liquid /l~r/ becomes when geminated or prenasalised. For example ndaba 'I see' (from the root -laba with the subject prefix n- ); eddagala 'leaf' (from the root -lagala with the singular noun prefix e- , which doubles the following consonant.
A consonant can't be both geminated and prenasalised. When morphological processes require this, the gemination is dropped and the syllable is inserted, which can then be prenasalised. For example when the prefix en- is aded to the adjective -ddugavu 'black' the result is enzirugavu .
The nasals , , and can be syllabic at the start of a word: nkima (monkey), mpa (I give), nnyinyonnyola or (I explain). Note that this last example can be analysed in two ways, reflecting the fact that there's no distinction between prenasalisation and gemination when applied to nasal consonants.
Tone
Luganda has a simple tone system, sometimes argued to be pitch accent.
Phonotactics
Syllables can take any of the following forms:
- V (only as the first syllable of a word)
- CV
- GV
- NCV
- CSV
- GSV
- NCSV
where V = vowel, C = single consonant (including nasals and semivowels but excluding geminates), G = geminate consonant, N = nasal consonant, S = semivowel
These forms are subject to certain phonotactic restrictions:
- Two vowels may not appear adjacent to one another. When morphological or grammatical rules cause two vowels to meet, the first vowel is elided or reduced to a semivowel and the second is lengthened if possible.
- A vowel following a consonant–semivowel combination (except ) is always long. After a vowel can be either long or short.
- A vowel followed by a nasal consonant–non-nasal consonant combination is always long.
- A vowel followed by a geminate is always short. This rule takes precedence over all the above rules.
- The velar plosives ...
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