Heavy equipment refers to heavy-duty vehicles, specially designed for executing construction tasks, most frequently, ones involving earth moving. They are also known as construction equipment, earth movers, engineering vehicles, or just plain equipment. They usually comprise five equipment systems: implement, traction, structure, power train, control and information. Through the mechanical advantage of a simple machine, the ratio between input force applied and force exerted is multiplied. Currently most equipment use hydraulics as a primary source of transferring power. The use of heavy equipment has a long history. The ancient Roman engineer Vitruvius (1st century BCE) gave detailed descriptions of heavy equipment and cranes in ancient Rome in his treatise De architectura .
Types
- Aerial work platform / Lift table
- Air-track
- Attachments
- Agricultural tractors
- Articulated hauler
- Articulated truck
- Asphalt paver
- Asphalt plant
- Backhoe loader, Backhoe
- Boomtruck
- Bulldozer
- Cherry picker
- Cold planer
- Combat engineering vehicle
- Compact excavator
- Concrete batch plant
- Construction & mining tractor
- Construction & mining trucks
- Crane
- Cure rig
- Dragline excavator
- Dredging
- Drilling machine
- Excavator (wheel)
- Excavator (bagger, digger)
- Feller buncher
- Forklift truck
- Forklift
- Fresno scraper
- Front shovel
- Harvester
- Highway 10 yard rear dump
- Highway bottom dump (stiff), pup (belly train), triple
- Highway end dump and side dump
- Highway transfer, Transfer train
- Highway transit-mixer
- Knuckleboom loader (trailer mount) & Knuckleboom loader (trailer mount)
- Lowboy (trailer)
- Motor grader (grader)
- Pile driver
- Pipelayer
- Pneumatic tire compactor, Compactor
- Reclaimer & Soil stabilizer
- Roadheader
- Roller (road roller, roller compactor), Compactor
- Rotary tiller (rototiller, rotovator)
- Scraper
- Skid steer loader
- Skidder
- Skip loader (skippy)
- Slipform paver
- Soil stabilizer
- Steam shovel
- Stomper
- Street sweeper
- Suction excavator
- Telescopic handlers
- Track harvester
- Track loader
- Track skidder
- Track-type tractors (Bulldozer)
- Tractor
- Trencher (machine)
- Tunnel boring machine
- Underground mining equipment
- Venturi-mixer
- Vibratory compactor, Compactor
- Water wagon
- Wheel dozers – soil compactors
- Wheel forwarder
- Wheel loader (front loader, integrated tool carrier)
- Wheel skidder
- Wheel tractor-scraper
- Yarder
Images
Implements and Hydromechanical Work Tools
- auger
- backhoe
- bale spear
- broom
- bulldozer blade
- clam shell bucket
- cold plane
- demolition shears
- equipment bucket
- excavator bucket
- forks
- grapple
- hydraulic hammer, hoe ram
- hydraulics
- hydraulic tilting bucket (4-in-1)
- landscape tiller
- material handling arm
- mechanical pulverizer, crusher
- multi processor
- pavement removal bucket
- pile driver
- power take-off (PTO)
- quick coupler
- rake
- ripper
- rotating grab
- sheeps foot compactor
- skeleton bucket
- snow blower
- stump grinder
- stump shear
- thumb
- tiltrotator
- trencher
- vibratory plate compactor
- wheel saw
Traction: Off-the-road tires and Tracks
- see caterpillar tracks
Heavy equipment requires specialized tires for various construction applications. While many types of equipment have continuous tracks applicable to more severe service requirements, tires are used where greater speed or mobility is required. An understanding of what equipment will be used for during the life of the tires is required for proper selection. Tire selection can have a significant impact on production and unit cost. There are three types of off-the-road tires, transport for earthmoving machines, work for slow moving earth moving machines, and load and carry for transporting as well as digging. Off-highway tires have six categories of service C compactor, E earthmover, G grader, L loader, LS log-skidder and ML mining and logging. Within these service categories are various tread types designed for use on hard-packed surface, soft surface and rock. Tires are a large expense on any construction project, careful consideration should be given to prevent excessive wear or damage.
Structure
Powertrain
- internal combustion engine
- transmission
- steering (tracked equipment)
- brakes
Control and Information
Equipment operators
* see Heavy equipment operator
operator training
The International Union of Operating Engineers has equipment schools where apprentice operators are trained.
The Association of Equipment Manufacturers provides effective safety training materials for operators of rough terrain forklifts and operators of industrial and agricultural mowers.
The National Association of Heavy Equipment Training Schools provides American national certification for heavy equipment operator
Interior Heavy Equipment School (www.iheschool.com) provides Canadian certification for heavy equipment operators
Currently there is not an international association of heavy equipment schools.
Equipment Cost
- purchase expense
- salvage value
- tax savings from depreciation
- major repairs and overhauls
- property taxes
- insurance
- storage
Depreciation can be calculated several ways, the simplest is the straight-line method. The annual depreciation is constant, reducing the equipment value annually. The following are simple equations paraphrased from the Peurifoy & Schexnayder text:
Operating cost
For an expense to be classified as an operating cost, it must be incurred through use of the equipment. These costs are as follows:
The biggest distinction from a cost standpoint is if a repair is classified as a major repair or a minor repair . A major repair can change the depreciable equipment value due to an extension in service life, while a minor repair is normal maintenance. Major repairs are charged to the equipment, and minor repairs are charged to the job. It is advantageous for projects to classify all repairs as major, while the equipment department will desire to classify all repairs as "minor" and charge the work to a job.
Models
Main article: Model construction vehicleDie-cast metal promotional scale models of heavy equipment are often produced for each vehicle to give to prospective customers. These are typically in 1:50 scale. The popular manufacturers of these models are Conrad and NZG in Germany, even for US vehicles.
Manufacturers
The leading global manufacturers of construction equipment (in order):
- Caterpillar Inc.
- Komatsu
- Terex
- CNH Global (CASE, New Holland, Kobelco)
- Volvo Construction Equipment
- Deere & Company
- Doosan Group (Bobcat Company)
- Hitachi Construction Machinery (a subsidiary of Hitachi, Ltd.; inc: Euclid Trucks)
- Bell Equipment
- Hitachi Construction Machinery (Europe)
- Bharath Earth Movers Ltd(India)
- Atlas Copco
- Demag
- Doosan Group ( Doosan Infracore )
- Fiat-Allis
- Hyundai Heavy Industries
- JCB
- Navistar International Corporation
- Ingersoll Rand
- Koering
- Kubota
- The Liebherr Group
- Madill
- Orenstein and Koppel GmbH (O&K)
- Pierce Pacific
- Poclain
- Rototilt
- Skaggit
- ST Kinetics
References
- ^ C. B. Tatum et al., J. Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt. 132, 987 (2006)
- ^ "Machine." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 22 May 2008, 20:01 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 25 May 2008 <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Machine&oldid=214260935>.
- ^ Caterpillar Performance Handbook. Peoria, Illinois: Caterpillar Tractor Company. Serial Publication.
- ^ C. B. Tatum et al., J. Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt. 132, 987 (2006)
- ^ C. B. Tatum et al., J. Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt. 132, 987 (2006)
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