Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (Russian: Владимир Ильич Ленин ) (22 April 1870 – 21 January 1924), born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Russian: Владимир Ильич Ульянов ), was the Bolshevik Leader of the 1917 October Revolution, and the first Head of State of the Soviet Union; in the course of his political career, he used the pseudonyms Lenin , V. I. Lenin , Nikolai Lenin , and N. Lenin . His contribution to political science, Leninism, is his development and interpretations of urban Marxist theory to fit the agrarian Russian Empire of that time, with Leninist theory turning Marx on his head by placing politics over economics.
Early life and background
Lenin was born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov , on 22 April 1870, to Maria Alexandrovna Blank, a schoolmistress, and Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov a physics instructor, at Simbirsk, in the Russian Empire (1721–1917) of the late nineteenth century; per family custom, he was baptized into the Russian Orthodox Church. Later, the USSR renamed Lenin’s Volga River home city, Simbirsk, as Ulyanovsk.
In 1869, Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov became the Inspector of Public Schools, and later the Director of Elementary Schools, for the Simbirsk Gubernia Oblast (province), a successful career in the Imperial Russian public education system. Tsarist cultural mores defined the Ulyanov family stock as “ethnically mixed” — “Mordovian, Kalmyk, Jewish (cf. Blank family), Volgan German, and Swedish, and possibly others”; being of the intelligentsia, the Ulyanovs educated their children against the ills of their time (violations of human rights, servile psychology), and instilled readiness to struggle for higher ideals, a free society, and equal rights. Subsequently, excepting Olga (dead at age 19), every Ulyanov child became a revolutionary; as such, Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov , in 1902, adopted the nom de guerre Lenin , derived from the Siberian River Lena, the usage in this biographic article.
In January 1886, his father died of a cerebral hemorrhage; in May 1887 (when Lenin was 17 years old), his eldest brother Aleksandr Ulyanov was hanged for participating in a terrorist assassination attempt against the Tsar, Alexander III (1881–94). His sister, Anna Ulyanova, who was with Aleksandr when arrested, was banished to an Ulyanov family estate at Kokushkino, a village some 40 km (25 mi.) from Kazan — those events transformed Lenin into a political radical, which official Soviet biographies present as central to his assuming the revolutionary track as political life.
Complementing these personal, emotional, and political upheavals was his matriculation, in August 1887, to the Kazan University, where he studied law and read the works of Karl Marx. That Marxism-derived political development involved Lenin in a student riot and consequent arrest in December 1887; Kazan University expelled him, the authorities barred him from other universities, and thence was under continuous police surveillance — as the brother of a known terrorist. Nevertheless, he studied independently to earn his law degree; in that time, he first read Das Kapital (1867–94). Three years later, in 1890, he was permitted studies at the University of Saint Petersburg. In January 1892, he was awarded a first class diploma in law; moreover, he was an intellectually-distinguished student in the Classical languages of Latin and Greek, and the modern languages of German, French, and English, but had only limited command of the latter two; later, in the 1917 revolutionary period, he relied on Inessa Armand to translate an article to French and English, later writing to S. N. Ravich in Geneva, "I am unable to lecture in French".
Revolutionary
For a few years, Lenin practiced law in the Volga River port of Samara, mostly land ownership cases from which he derived much political insight to the condition of the Russian peasant, before moving to St Petersburg in 1893, where he pursued politics via revolutionary propaganda. In 1895, he founded the League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class , the consolidation of the city’s Marxist groups; as an embryonic revolutionary party, they were active among the labour organisations of Russia. On 7 December 1895, Lenin was arrested and imprisoned for 14 months in solitary confinement, in Cell 193 of the St Petersburg Remand Prison. In February 1897, he was exiled to the village Shushenskoye, in the Minusinsk district, of the Yenisei Gubernia (Province) in Eastern Siberia. There, he met the notable Marxist Georgy Plekhanov, who had introduced socialism to Russia. In exile, he wrote more than 30 theoretical works; in July 1898, Lenin married socialist activist Nadezhda Krupskaya, and in April 1899, under the pseudonym Vladimir Ilyin , published the book The Development of Capitalism in Russia (1899).
At exile’s end in 1900, Lenin travelled Russia and Europe — Munich, Prague, Vienna, Manchester and London (where Percy Circus WC1, at King’s Cross, London, bears a memorial wall plaque); but resided in Zurich, where he studied and worked as a lecturer at the Geneva University. In that time he and with Julius Martov (later a leading opponent) co-founded the newspaper Iskra (“Spark”), and published articles and books about revolutionary politics, whilst striving to recruit future Social Democrats. To effect such political work, he began assuming aliases, and, in 1902, settling upon “Lenin” — “N. Lenin” ( Eng. “I. Lenin”), in full; The Western press misidentified him as “Nikolai Lenin”, mis-translating the Cyrillic letter “И” (English letter “I”) for the English “N”; thus Ilyich Lenin (Russian) metamorphosed to the (English) “Nikolai Lenin”.
In 1903, the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party RSDLP ( Russ. РСДРП) ideologically diverged; Lenin headed the Bolshevik faction, consequent to breaking with the Menshevik faction. The RSDLP party faction names Bolshevik (“majority”) and Menshevik (“minority”) derive from the narrow electoral defeat of the Mensheviks to the party’s newspaper editorial board and to the central committee. The break partly originated from Lenin’s book What Is to Be Done? (1901–02) — about concrete revolutionary strategy — and because of different opinions about the role of the Marxist Iskra faction within the RSDLP; reportedly, What Is to Be Done? was a most influential book in pre-revolutionary Tsarist Russia; Lenin claimed that three of five workers had either read it or had it read to them.
In November 1905, Lenin returned to Russia to support the 1905 Russian Revolution. In 1906, he was elected to the Presidium of the RSDLP; and shuttled between Finland and Russia, but after the Tsarist defeat of the November Revolution, resumed his exile, in December 1907. Until the February and October revolutions of 1917, he lived in Western Europe, where, despite relative poverty, he developed Leninism — urban Marxism adapted to agrarian Russia. In 1909, to disambiguate philosophic doubts about the proper practical course of a socialist revolution, Lenin published Materialism and Empirio-criticism (1909); in the event, it became a philosophic foundation of Marxism-Leninism. Throughout exile, Lenin travelled Europe, participated in socialist activities, (e.g. the Prague Party Conference of 1912). When Inessa Armand left Russia for Paris, she met Lenin and other exiled Bolsheviks. Rumour has it she was Lenin’s lover; yet Neil Harding notes that there is a “slender stock of evidence . . . we still have no evidence that they were sexually intimate”.
In 1914, when the First World War (1914–18) began, the large Social Democratic parties of Europe (then self-described Marxists) and intellectual luminaries such as Karl Kautsky, each nationalistically supported their homelands’ war effort. At first, Lenin disbelieved their political fickleness, and that the German Social Democrats had voted for war credits; the event decided his definitive break with the Second International (1889–1916). Lenin opposed the Great War, because the peasants and workers would be fighting the bourgeoisie’s “imperialist war” — that ought be transformed into a civil war between the classes. At war’s start, the Austrians briefly detained him in Poronin, already his town of residence. On 5 September 1914, Lenin moved to neutral Switzerland, residing first at Berne and then at Zurich. In 1915, he attended the anti-war Zim
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