Votrax Inc. (properly Votrax International, Inc. ), originally known as the Vocal division of Federal Screw Works or just Votrax , was a speech synthesis company located in the Detroit, Michigan area from 1971 to about 1996 It began as a division of Federal Screw Works from 1971 to 1973?. In 1974, it was given the Votrax name (taken from the name of its first commercial product, the model VS4 "Votrax") and moved to Troy and in 1980 split off of its parent company entirely and became 'Votrax International, Inc.', which produced speech products up until 1984. In 1984, the company declared bankruptcy and restructured itself as a commercial phone/speech auto-answering systems company after downsizing much of the staff. It was somewhat successful in this field, and merged with Vynet Corp., a voice-recognition prompt pioneer, in 1987. It remained Votrax inc. until about 1992, when it was renamed to or otherwise merged with Vysion, Inc., a maker of security cameras and other related devices. It remained 'Vysion Inc.' until the company declared bankruptcy in June 1994 following a court battle patent litigation loss against PATCO inc., and from the remains of the old company, restructured itself as 'Maxxar' inc in 1995. which exists to this day. Maxxar owns the rights to the Votrax name and may own the rights to the various designs/software/rom data produced under the Votrax name.
Company Origins
All the Votrax speech synthesizers owe their existence to the speech synthesizer design created in 1970 by Richard T. Gagnon. After coming up with a viable design scheme in his basement laboratory, Gagnon licensed it to Federal Screw Works, whom he was working for at the time, and they continued development of his original design. This became the "Vocal division of Federal Screw Works."
Company Restructuring
In 1984, Votrax either declared bankruptcy or came close to doing so, and restructured itself as a commercial phone-interface provider, and hence produced no new consumer products. The later commercial-only products are not listed on the below list because literature about these seems to have been of limited distribution and has not yet been found. During the restructuring, much of the existing staff was downsized off, including Tim Gargagliano and Kathryn F. Gargagliano, who along with two other former Votrax employees, Art Velthoven and Dale McDaniel, started Artic Techonologies in 1984. Tim and Kate had earlier written an article about the SC-01 for BYTE Magazine. In 1987, Votrax merged with Vynet Corp and the product lines of both companies were combined.
Main Products
Votrax was responsible for designing and manufacturing several important early speech synthesizer back-ends, and several widely used integrated circuit phoneme synthesizers. Votrax produced speech backend modules and cards for various personal computers, and worked with the United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) to create an extensible speech frontend system. Votrax's speech technology was also used by 3rd parties in several arcade games, Gottlieb System 80 pinball machines, and talking terminals.
During the 1970s, Votrax produced a series of discrete speech synthesizers, with epoxy-coated boards to thwart people copying their designs. In 1980, they designed and manufactured an integrated circuit speech synthesizer called the SC-01. This IC proved very popular in the third party market, and was produced until at least 1984. It was succeeded by the somewhat more dynamic SC-02, also known as the SSI-263P. From the beginning of SC-02 production, Silicon Systems Inc. (now part of Texas Instruments) manufactured the SC-02 chip under the product number SSI-263P, and this was apparently later adopted as the official name of the IC. Votrax continued to intermittently sell SC-01-A and SC-02 synthesis chips, and Personal Speech System text to speech units until at least October, 1990.
Other Products
Since early in its life, Votrax specialized in making phoneme-based speech synthesizers and text-to-speech algorithms. The popular United States Naval Research Laboratory, or "NRL" text-to-phoneme algorithm was developed by a collaboration between Votrax and the NRL in 1973. This algorithm and variants of it were used on a number of text-to-speech devices, such as the votrax type-n-talk, the votrax personal speech system, and the General Instruments CTS256A-AL2 text-to-allophone chip. A good rundown of the NRL algorithm can be found under reference .
Votrax also supplied the SC-02 speech chip used in the amateur radio 'DOVE-OSCAR 17' or 'DOVE' Microsattelite.
1971:
- VS1 (prototype only, Gagnon's personal model)
- VS2 (prototype only)
- VS3 (prototype only)
1972:
- VS4 (first model sold by Federal Screw Works, was sold under the product name "Votrax")
- VS5
- VS6 (design prototypes only)
1973:
- VS6
1973-1975: (exact years unclear)
- VS6.1
- VS6.2
- VS6.3
- VS6.G
1975:
- VS6.G2
1977?:
- VS6.4
1978
- ML-1 (large rack-mount or standalone unit with four potted boards inside)
- ML-1ES (ML-1 with added Spanish-specific phonemes)
- ML-2ES (ML-1ES with more Spanish-specific phonemes?)
1978-1980: (exact years unclear)
- VSA
- SVA (first self-contained speech synthesizer, with a 6800 core running the NRL frontend)
- VSC
- VSK (smallish potted module, used on an unmarked (originally votrax branded?) rs-232 carrier board, among other places. runs on +-12VDC.)
- VSL (smallish potted module, used on an Ohio Scientific expansion board, Model 567 among other places. runs on +-8VDC; almost identical to and interface compatible with VSK)
1980:
- CDS1 (emulation of SC-01 running on a ?DEC? mainframe)
- VSB
- SC-01 (IC, very similar to VSL except all on one chip. Made at least as early as 49th week of '80, and at least as late as the 8th week of '81)
- VSM/1 (SC-01 based, has mc6800 running "voxOS")
- Votrax 'circuit cards?' (SC-01 based)
- Speech PAC (SC-01 based) (also mentioned at )
- Type n' Talk (?SC-01 based earlier model?)
1981:
- SC-01-A (IC, bug-fix?/internal ROM change of SC-01, Made at least as early as the 12th week of 1981, and at least as late as the 51st week of 1988)
- Type n' Talk (SC-01-A based later model)
1982:
- Personal Speech System (SC-01-A based)
1983:
- SC-02/SSI-263P (IC, Made at least as early as 3rd week of 1984, at least as late as 6th week of 1984)
1984:
- Votalker IB (IBM PC ISA card, SC-02 based)
- Votalker AP (Apple II card, SC-02 based)
- Votalker C64 (Commodore 64 cartridge, SC-02 based)
1985:
- SSI-263AP (bugfix of SSI-263P, fixed the reset pin?, made at least as early as 45th week of 1985 until as late as 35th week 1995, was rebadged in various ways, such as 'Artic 263')
unknown, could be 1979-1986:
- Enabling Technologies 'Audibraille' (Simple Microcomputer with 128k mem plus 64k? disk drives? ) (SVA speech core)
1980:
- Tandy/Radio Shack 'TRS-80 Speech Module' (Slightly stripped down VSL, on a larger circuit board, transition filters are potted)
- Maryland Computer Services 'Total Talk' (Modified HP-2621 Terminal) (VSB + McIlroy algorithm)
- Automated Functions 'VERT' (?custom? Terminal) (VSB + McIlroy algorithm)
- Triformatlon System 'FSST-3' (Modified Zenith Z-19 Terminal) (VSA + NRL algorithm)
- IBM 'Audio Typing unit' (VSB, ? algorithm)
- Gottlieb Pinball Machines (SC-01)
- Midway Wizard Of Wor Arcade machine (SC-01, later machines may have had SC-01-A)
- Phonic Mirror 'Handy Voice' (SC-01)
1981:
- Microvox/Intex Talker (SC-01-A)
- Alien Group Voice Synthesizer (for atari 800?) (SC-01-A?)
- Midway Gorf Arcade machine (SC-01, later machines may have had SC-01-A)
- Gottlieb Reactor Arcade machine (SC-01-A?)
1982:
- Gottlieb Q*bert Arcade machine (SC-01-A?)
- Alpha Products 'VS100' (for TRS-80 Model III) (SC-01-A)
- Sweet Micro Systems 'Mockingboard Speech I' and 'Sound/Speech I' (SC-01-A)
1983?:
- Sweet Micro Systems 'Mockingboard' B & C (SC-02/SSI-263P)
1983:
- Tecmar 'PC-Mate Speech Master' ISA card (SC-01-A + National Semiconductor Digitalker)
1984-96:
- Artic technologies (several cards using SC-01-A and SC-02 and SSI-263AP, rebadged as "artic 263")
2005:
- ReactiveMicro.com 'Mockingboard v1' (based on the Sweet Micro Systems Mockingboard B) (SC-02/SSI-263P)
McIlroy Algorithm
M. D. Mcilroy used a "Votrax" branded "Federal Screw Works" synth (most likely a model VS4 or an early VS5), , a single potted block, as the 'Screw Works' backend for the Unix 'speak' command on Unix V1/2/3/4 in 1972/1973. The binary and source code, unfortunately, seem to have been lost, though the manual pages remain. Details of the algorithm were later (1974) described in his paper "Synthetic English speech by rule", Bell Telephone Laboratories Computer Science Technical Report #14, which is available on his personal site's publications page.
Ongoing Research with Votrax Products
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