The Energy Machine of Joseph Newman is a DC-fed electric motor consisting of a rotor stacked with permanent magnets surrounded by wide turns of an electromagnetic coil. The basic operation is relatively simple: when the electromagnet (stator) is switched on the magnet (rotor) spins end-over-end. Aside from the permanent magnet, the magnetic circuit of a Newman machine does not include iron and other ferromagnetic materials which are found in the magnetic circuits of more conventional motors. Newman machines produce motive power chiefly from the dangerous high-voltage inductive back spikes whose voltages are in excess of the voltage of the real power supply.
In the 1980s Newman attempted to patent the device, but was rejected by the United States Patent Office. When the rejection was later appealed, the United States district court requested that Newman's machine be tested by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS). The consistency checks done by NBS allowed it to conclude that the input power, equal to the product of the average voltage and current from the batteries, was greater than the output, equal to the product of the average voltage and current leaving the Newman machine. Newman denied this and said it was due to the tests being conducted with the motor grounded, which dumped the excess energy. The test results were published in June 1986 and concluded that it was not a perpetual motion machine, and the patent was again denied. Newman later withdrew the patent. Critics of Newman's ideas about electricity and magnetism argue that his claims are false and pseudoscientific.
Operational design
In a Newman machine , one end of the voltage source is connected to one end of an electromagnetic coil and the other is connected to a commutator. At the other end of the coil is a brush that contacts a metal axle. The axle carries one or more aligned permanent magnets. As the axle spins inside the commutator, the commutator controls the opening and closing of the electrical pathway. Whenever the circuit is closed, an electrical potential is applied to the coil from the batteries, causing an expanding magnetic field that interacts with the permanent magnets in the rotor, producing torque. For this to occur, the magnetic axes of the electromagnet and the permanent magnet(s) are set perpendicular to the bar. The inventor claims that particles (c.f. virtual particles) come outward from the atoms of the electromagnet in spiral paths around its lines of magnetic force. According to Newman, these particles are to be called "gyroscopic particles".
In a more sophisticated Newman machine, the commutator flips the current direction twice every magnet rotation and it also connects and disconnects the circuit 24 times for each rotation. According to Roger Hastings (a proponent of the machine and past business partner of Newman), the commutation allows the machine's very large magnetic field to collapse, producing a high-voltage surge of current that turns the rotor with the abruptness of a "karate chop".
Classical electromagnetism predicts, to the contrary, that a DC permanent magnet motor cannot derive net work through the inductive coil back spikes in excess of the input voltage and current supplied by batteries even though inductive back spikes can and do exceed the voltage of the batteries. Such back spikes are associated with a high risk of fire as well as permanent damage to the circuit. Examples of experimental approaches in which a Newman device was officially tested can be found in a 1986 document by the National Bureau of Standards.
Claims by the inventor
In the appendix of his book, The Energy Machine of Joseph Newman , Newman claims that copper is commonly observed to be "weak" or "non-magnetic" because the magnetic moments of copper atoms connect with each other in highly irregular patterns. Specifically, copper is diamagnetic and will respond in opposition to other magnetic fields, whether or not these fields come from within the copper itself. Counter-alignment of the magnetic moments of copper atoms makes the magnetic field of copper very weak. Newman claims that in the coil of his Energy Machine , copper atoms in wire are electrically polarized in a group manner (via the electric dipole moments of their subatomic particles) in a direction opposing a dominant applied electric field vector (i.e. the electric potential supplied by batteries). The magnetic moments of copper atoms align in collective opposition to the circular magnetic field generated by introduction of the dominant electric field, overcoming the tendency for the magnetic moments of copper to cancel each other; that cancellation is what normally keeps the magnetic field within the copper. By known physical laws, the effect produced is a net magnetic field circulating around the wire. Using this reasoning, Newman claims his machines, each with a very heavy electromagnet consisting of miles of thin copper wire, derive magnetic field strength primarily from electron magnetic moments bounded to copper nuclei instead of the conventional means of relying on the magnetic moments derived from orbits of loosely bounded electrons. Newman claims that subjecting a coiled copper wire to high voltage back-spike gives it the capability of being "extremely magnetic", and this becomes realized as long as the kinetic energy of the unbounded electrons is kept low, whether by using longer wire or subjecting the copper to extremely low temperatures, in order to maintain the strength of the magnetic field alignment. Newman claims that all magnetic fields originate from magnetic moments derived from the interaction of subatomic particles. In view of this, Newman claims that his Energy Machine can exchange potential energy to the magnetic field equal to the work done by all charges in the system via the electric field, including bounded electrons in copper, allowing energy output to exceed the electrical potential energy dissipated by unbounded electrons derived from the battery.
According to proponents of the Energy Machine, the most crucial part of the design concerns what happens as a result of mechanical commutation. When the commutator opens, the electromagnet's magnetic field collapses, causing a sudden change in magnetic flux strong enough to cause charges to reverse their direction at a higher voltage and speed than when they were going forward. Despite the current going backwards at that point in time, an associate of Newman claims the magnetic field due to the implementation of the back-voltage maintains the general direction of the rotary movement as would be produced by the initial forward moving current. Newman in his book, The Energy Machine of Joseph Newman , argues that the magnetic field derived from alignment of magnetic moments in copper acts in direct opposition to the magnetic field produced by the strong back-voltage generated by breaking the circuit at the commutator, which can thereby generate a magnetic field of the same polarity as the one produced by current going forward from the battery. The back-voltage would have to be backwards and greater so as to store greater electrical energy (by a quadratic function) in polarity opposite of the back-current via alignment of the magnetic moments of copper atoms. As predicted by Kirchhoff's circuit laws, the increase in resistance due to opening the circuit combined with the current stabilizing properties of the inductor create a negative capacitive voltage drop across the inductor, thereby producing a large negative voltage opposing the polarity of the battery, and the more extreme the change, the greater the slew rate of the back-voltage, and this would cause greater strength in the alignment of magnetic moments copper atoms that also rises quicker. For high inductance coils, alignments of magnetic moments in copper would dissipate more slowly relative to the heat (power) dissipated per copper mass via the back-current that acts to unalign the magnetic moments. So, only by a relatively large and quick signal would the back-voltage produce a magnetic field through the electromagnet with the same polarity that would be observed with the initial, forward-moving, current. Newman's associate, who supports Newman's interpretation of the device, made the unlikely claim that the magnetic field strength derived from alignment of magnetic moments of copper atoms facilitated by the back-voltage (a brief electric field pulse opposing battery voltage following an increase in resistance by opening the inductive circuit via the commutator) produces mechanical power in the general direction the same time that heat is also produced from the current in opposition to the battery voltage. This would imply some limited restoration of battery voltage simultaneous to the production of mechanical energy in the same direction as would be derived from current going from the battery.
At large, Newman's most controversial claim is that energy conversion between different forms allows the machine's mechanical rotor output to be greater than what would be suggested by energy drained from the battery bank, while still not being a perpetual motion machine. Most scientists think that Newman's independent conclusions are in direct conflict the laws of classical electrodynamics, and no articles in respected textbooks or peer reviewed journals make any direct references to them.
History
U.S. patent battle
A United States Patent and Trademark Office patent application for Newman's electric motor was rejected, which set off a lengthy court battle involving conflicting expert opinions. For example, in
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