The pronunciation of English words in Wikipedia is given in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) using the following conventions, which are not specific to any one dialect. For a more complete key to the IPA, see Wikipedia:IPA, which includes sounds that do not occur in English. If the IPA symbols do not display properly on your browser, see the links at the bottom of this page.
Key
Notes
- ^ If the two characters ˈɡ and ˈ
do not match, if the first looks like a ˈγ , then you have an issue with your default font. See Rendering issues.
- ^ Although the IPA symbol represents a trill, /r/ is widely used instead of /ɹ/ in broad transcriptions of English.
- ^ /hw/ is not distinguished from /w/ in dialects with the wine-whine merger, such as RP and most varieties of GenAm.
- ^ A number of English words, such as genre and garage , are pronounced with either /ʒ/ or /dʒ/ .
- ^ In most dialects, /x/ is replaced by /k/ in loch and by /h/ in Chanukah.
- ^ In non-rhotic accents such as RP, /r/ is not pronounced unless followed by a vowel. In some Wikipedia articles, /ɪər/ etc. may not be distinguished from /ɪr/ etc. When they are distinguished, the long vowels may be transcribed /iːr/ etc. by analogy with vowels not followed by /r/ . If you notify us of this on the talk page, we will correct it.
- ^ / ɒ / is not distinguished from /ɑː/ in dialects with the father-bother merger such as GenAm.
- ^ / ɔː / is not distinguished from /ɑː/ (except before /r/ ) in dialects with the cot-caught merger such as some varieties of GenAm.
- ^ Commonly transcribed /əʊ/ or /oː/ .
- ^ / ɔər / is not distinguished from /ɔr/ in dialects with the horse-hoarse merger, which include most dialects of modern English.
- ^ / ʊər / is not distinguished from /ɔr/ in dialects with the pour-poor merger, including many younger speakers.
- ^ This phoneme is not used in the northern half of England and some bordering parts of Wales. These words would take the ʊ vowel: there is no foot-strut split.
- ^ a b In some articles these are transcribed /ɝː/ and /ɚ/ when not followed by a vowel.
- ^ In dialects with yod-dropping, /juː/ is pronounced the same as /uː/ after coronal consonants ( /t/ , /d/ , /s/ , /z/ , /n/ , /θ/ , and /l/ ) in the same syllable, so that dew /djuː/ is pronounced the same as do /duː/ . In dialects with yod-coalescence, /tj/ , /dj/ , /sj/ and /zj/ are pronounced /tʃ/ , /dʒ/ , /ʃ/ and /ʒ/ , so that the first syllable in Tuesday is pronounced the same as choose .
- ^ Pronounced /iː/ in dialects with the happy tensing, /ɪ/ in other dialects. British convention used to transcribe it with /ɪ/, but the OED and other influential dictionaries recently converted to /i/.
- ^ Pronounced in Australian and many US dialects, and in Received Pronunciation. Many speakers freely alternate between a reduced and a reduced . Many phoneticians (vd. Olive & Greenwood 1993:322) and the OED uses the pseudo-IPA symbol
ɪ, and Merriam–Webster uses ə̇ .- ^ Pronounced in many dialects, in others. Many speakers freely alternate between a reduced and a reduced . The OED uses the pseudo-IPA symbol
ʊ.- ^ Pronounced in many dialects, and or before another vowel, as in c o operate. Sometimes pronounced as a full /oʊ/ , especially in careful speech. (Bolinger 1989) Usually transcribed as /ə(ʊ)/ (or similar ways of showing variation between /əʊ/ and /ə/ ) in British diction
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