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Thomas Percival (1740–1804) was an English physician best known for crafting perhaps the first modern code of medical ethics. He drew up a pamphlet with the code in 1794 and wrote an expanded version in 1803, in which he reportedly coined the expression "medical ethics".

Life

He was born at Warrington at Lancashire. He lost both his parents when he was three years old, so his older sister was responsible for his early education. Once he was old enough, he was placed in a private academy in his home town. He also spent time in a free grammar-school. In 1757, he was enrolled as the first student at Warrington Academy. After achieving a good reputation in classical and theological studies, he transferred to Edinburgh in 1761. He became a fellow to the Royal Society in 1765, through a recommendation by his friend and patron Lord Willoughby de Parham, and achieved his M.D. degree the same year.

Occupational health and medical ethics

Percival is also known for his early work in Occupational health. He led a group of doctors to supervise textile mills, their report influenced Robert Peel's to introduce the Health and Morals of Apprentices Act of 1802. The legislation stipulated that children could work only 12 hours per day, walls had to be washed, and visitors had to be admitted to factories so that they could make health-related suggestions.

Percival's Medical Ethics served as a key source for the American Medical Association (AMA) code, adopted in 1847. Though hyperbolic in its recognition of Percival, the AMA itself states:

The most significant contribution to Western medical ethical history subsequent to Hippocrates was made by Thomas Percival, an English physician, philosopher, and writer. In 1803, he published his Code of Medical Ethics . His personality, his interest in sociological matters, and his close association with the Manchester Infirmary led to the preparation of a scheme of professional conduct relative to hospitals and other charities from which he drafted the code that bears his name.

As one expert writes, "The Percivalian code asserted the moral authority and independence of physicians in service to others, affirmed the profession's responsibility to care for the sick, and emphasized individual honor."

Selected works

• Essays medical and experimental: on the following subjects, viz. I. The empiric. II. The dogmatic. Or, arguments for and against the use of theory and reasoning in physick. III. Experiments and observations on astringents and bitters IV. On the uses and operation of blisters. V. On the resemblance between chyle and milk . London: for Joseph Johnson and B. Davenport, 1767 (followed by later editions)
• Essays medical and experimental : on the following subjects: 1. On the Columbo root. 2. On the orchis root. 3. On the waters of Buxton and Matlock ... 4. On the medicinal uses of fixed air. 5. On the antiseptic and sweetening powers ... of factitious air. 6. On the noxious vapours of charcoal. 7. On the atrabilis. 8. On sea salt. 9. On coffee. To which are added, select histories of diseases ... London: for Joseph Johnson, 1773
• Essays, medical philosophical and experimental ; By Thomas Percival, M.D. F.R.S. and A.S. Lond. F.R.S. and R.M.S. Edinb. Member of the Royal Society of Medicine at Paris ; of the Royal Society of Agriculture at Lyons ; and of the American Philosophy Soc. at Philadelphia, &c. &c. The fourth edition, revised and enlarged. 2 vols. Warrington: printed by W. Eyres, for J. Johnson, London, 1788-89
• Medical ethics; or a Code of institutes and precepts, adapted to the professional interests pf physicians and surgeons . Manchester: S. Russell, 1803 (followed by later editions)

References

1. ^ Codes of Ethics: Some History , Center for the Study of Ethics in the Professions at IIT
2. ^ Thomas, Percival (Digitized Oct 17, 2006). Percival's Medical ethics . Published 1849 John Churchill . http://books.google.com/books?id=yVUEAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=medical+ethics+thomas+percival&as_brr=1#PPP4,M1 .  
3. ^ Dr Thomas Percival and the Beginnings of Industrial Legislation
4. ^ Environmental History Timeline (1795)
5. ^ Short history of medical ethics, AMA web site
6. ^ "'Bioethics: Codes, Oaths, Guidelines and Position Statements". Dalhousie University Libraries . http://www.library.dal.ca/kellogg/Bioethics/codes/codes.htm . Retrieved 2009-08-19 .  

Further reading

• Brockbank, E. M. (1929) "History of Collegiate Teaching: some pioneers; Thomas Percival". In: Book of Manchester and Salford . Manchester: Falkner & Co.; pp. 30-33.

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