Valladolid ( help · info ) is a Spanish city located in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula, capital of the province of the same name, and of the autonomous community of Castile and León. According to the census of 2007, it has a population of 316 564, making it the 13th largest city in Spain. The Valladolid metropolitan area, consisting of 23 municipalities, with an approximate population of 400 000, is the 20th largest in Spain.
Though there exist traces of settlements from the Lower Paleolithic, Valladolid did not have a stable population until the Middle Ages. During the repopulation of the Meseta, Alfonso VI put count Pedro Ansúrez in charge of the populating of Valladolid, making him lord in 1072. Its growth started from this date; various institutions were endowed: the Iglesia Colegial, the University, and the Alcázar Real. This enabled it to become the seat of the Castilian court, and later, between 1601 and 1606, the capital of the Spanish Empire, until the capital was moved permanently to Madrid. From this time a period of decay began, ending only with the arrival of the railroad in the 19th century, and the industrialization of the city in the 20th century.
An interesting historical complex remains in the old quarter, consisting of houses, palaces, churches, squares, avenues, and parks, together with an important heritage of museums. Notable among the cultural events celebrated in the city are Holy Week and Seminci, the Valladolid International Film Festival.
Name origins
Valladolid
The origin of the city's name is not completely clear; it was previously thought to come from Valledolit or Valle de Olit (بلد الوليد), an Arab who supposedly possessed the city; however, this theory has been mostly rejected. Another possible origin could have been Vallis olivetum : that is, Valley of Olive Trees, even though given the extreme climate of the city, it is not very likely that there were many olive trees in the area. Another theory, more accepted than the previous ones, claims that the name comes from the Celtic expression Vallis tolitum (Valley of Water), since the Pisuerga River flows through the city, as does the Esgueva River, which, prior to its canalization in the 19th century, extended through various branches. Yet another theory, a more probable one, is that it is derived from the collective name vallisoletano , which is believed to come from valle del sol (Valley of the Sun) or valle soleado (Sunny Valley). In the Middle Ages it was called Vallisoletum , because of the large amount of sunshine that the valley receives, mainly in summer but also in winter.
Finally, there is also a theory that Valladolid is a contraction of valle de lid , a place where, owing to its flatness, pre-Roman clans and tribes met for armed encounters.
Pucela
Pucela is used as a colloquial name for the city. There are various theories on the origin of this name, all of which put its first use in the 20th century.
- It is said that in the 15th century, some knights from Valladolid went with their followers to France, to fight alongside Joan of Arc against the English. Joan was known as the Maid of Orleans . pucelle is French for maid, and in the Spanish spoken at that time, the word was quite similar— pucela . When the war ended, the knights returned to Valladolid and began to tell stories of their exploits and courtships, and everything that happened with the pucela of Orleans. From that time they came to be known as pucelanos , and from this came the eponym pucela . Given that there is no documentation attesting to the existence of these knights and their participation in the Hundred Years' War, the validity of this theory is much disputed.
- Celso Almuiña, a professor at the University of Valladolid, has a second theory: Valladolid is located in a valley and is irrigated by the Pisuerga and Esgueva rivers and the Channel of Castile. Therefore, it is a pool in the middle of a dry environment. This pool could be called a pozo (well) or its diminutive pozuela , from which is derived Pucela .
- The ethnomusicologist Joaquín Díaz maintains that the name Pucela has its origins in the exclusive right that the city had to the cement of Puzzeli, in Italy. Valladolid being the city from which it was distributed, when the carriages of cement were delivered, the Valladolidans who delivered them were known as pucelanos .
Pincia
Finally, there is the name Pincia , which seems to have a more cultivated origin. Near Peñafiel, in the area of Padilla de Duero, are found ruins of an important city, presumably Celtic: Pincia. Identifying Valladolid with this city comes from the Renaissance and the custom that prevailed in that time of relating everything to Greek and Roman civilization. It was later shown that there was no relationship between Valladolid and Pincia.
Historia
Founding of Valladolid
Datable traces from the Lower Paleolithic era, Acheulean in nature, have been recocovered from the surface of the Quaternary terraces of the Pisuerga river, in Canterac (now a large park in the suburbs). However, a permanent population cannot be proved until the Middle Ages, which is probably when the city's name arose.
The later settlements in the current province of Valladolid date from the pre-Roman era, located in the archaeological zone of the Vaccaei, who were the founders of a very advanced culture, and, like the rest of the Celtic peoples, they arrived in the Iberian peninsula from the north of Europe. The prime example of this culture in the area, which was wiped out by the Romans, is Pincia ( Pintia ), in the current location of Padilla de Duero.
For years Valladolid was believed to be ancient Pincia, until archaeological excavations demonstrated the true location of the Vaccaei city. Remains from the Roman era have been found in various parts of the old quarter, such as in Angustias, Arribas, Juan Mambrilla streets, and in Empecinado y Padilla, where Roman mosaics have certainly been discovered. There have also been discoveries on the outskirts of the city; near the Monasterio de Nuestra Señora de Prado a Roman villa was found in the 1950s: this Villa romana de Prado consists of a vast complex of residential architecture as well as mosaics. In fact, a large mosaic of marble and limestone, the Mosaico de los cantharus (dating from the 4th century) dominates the semicircular theatre of the Cortes (legislature) of Castilla y León (this mosaic came from the Valladolid Archaeological Museum).
Repopulation and expansion
In the 11th century, during the repopulation of the Meseta, Alfonso VI put Pedro Ansúrez the count of Saldaña y Carrión and his wife, doña Eylo, in charge of the populating of Valladolid. Until Alfonso granted the lordship to Pedro Ansúrez, in 1072, there was no growth in the city's population. Don Pedro constructed a palace, which has not been preserved, for himself and his wife. He also built the Colegiata de Santa María (lo que le otorgó el rango de villa) and the Church of Saint Mary the Ancient. In 1208, king Alfonso VIII of Castile named it a court city, making it the cultural centre of Castile.
After the early death of Henry I and the abdication of his mother, Ferdinand III "The Saint" was made king of Castile in 1217, in the Plaza Mayor of Valladolid. During the 12th and 13th centuries Valladolid experienced rapid growth, spurred on by the commercial privileges granted to the city by Alfonso VIII and Alfonso X "The Wise". Doña María de Molina, queen and regent of Castile for 30 years, established her residence there around 1300, leading to extensive growth. In 1346, Pope Clement VI issued the bull that permitted the creation of the University of Valladolid.
During those centuries, the city occasionally served as the royal residence and the seat of the Cortes. The first Alcazarejo became the royal palace, and Queen María de Molina built a palace, which became her usual residence. On October 19, 1469, Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon (who would become Ferdinand II of Aragon) celebrated their secret marriage in the Palacio de los Vivero (the former location of the Chancillería ), and passed their honeymoon in the Castillo de Fuensaldaña. Under the Catholic Monarchs the city enjoyed a period of great academic dynamism, which culminated in the creation of the Colegios Mayores of Santa Cruz (by Cardinal Mendoza) and of San Gregorio (by the Dominicans), which made Valladolid one of the originators of modern bureaucracy.
16th-18th centuries
In 1489 the Chancillería was definitively established. In 1500 the Inquisition was founded, in o
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