Reiki ( 霊気 or レイキ ? , /ˈreɪkiː/ ) is a spiritual practice developed in 1922 by Mikao Usui. After three weeks of fasting and meditating on Mount Kurama, in Japan, Usui claimed to receive the ability of "healing without energy depletion". A portion of the practice, tenohira or palm healing, is used as a form of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Tenohira is a technique whereby practitioners believe they are moving "healing energy" (a form of ki ) through the palms.
There is no scientific evidence for either the existence of ki or any mechanism for its manipulation, and a systematic review of randomized clinical trials conducted in 2008 did not support the efficacy of reiki or its recommendation for use in the treatment of any condition.
History
Derivation of name
Japanese reiki 霊気 "mysterious atmosphere; spiritual power" is a loanword from Chinese lingqi 靈氣, which some Chinese-English dictionaries translate: "(of beautiful mountains) spiritual influence or atmosphere"; "① intelligence; power of understanding ② supernatural power or force in fairy tales; miraculous power or force"; "① spiritual influence (of mountains/etc.) ② ingeniousness; cleverness". This Japanese compound joins rei 霊 "ghost, spirit, soul; supernatural, miraculous, divine; ethereal body" and ki 気 "gas, air; breath; energy; force; atmosphere; mood; intention; emotion; attention", here meaning qi "spiritual energy; vital energy; life force; energy of life". Some reiki translation equivalents from Japanese-English dictionaries are: "feeling of mystery", "an atmosphere (feeling) of mystery", and "an ethereal atmosphere (that prevails in the sacred precincts of a shrine); (feel, sense) a spiritual (divine) presence."
English reiki or Reiki transliterates a Japanese loanword. Reiki is syntactically used as a noun (referring to either "the putative energy" or "the therapeutic method based upon it"), a verb, or an adjective. Some Western authors loosely translate reiki as "universal life energy". This coinage partially mistranslates: ki means "life energy" — rei does not mean "universal".
Origin
Mikao Usui (臼井甕男) originated Reiki in 1922 after a twenty-one day retreat on Mount Kurama, involving meditation, fasting, and prayer. Usui said that by mystical revelation he had gained the knowledge and spiritual power to apply and attune others to what is called Reiki.
In April 1922, Usui moved to Tokyo and founded the Usui Reiki Ryoho Gakkai (Usui Reiki Healing Society).
Usui was an admirer of the literary works of Emperor Meiji, and, in the process of developing his Reiki system, summarised some of the emperor's works into a set of ethical principles, which later became known as the Reiki Principles ("GOKAI" in Japanese). Many Reiki teachers and practitioners aim to abide by these five principles, one translation of which is:
Usui taught over 2000 students to use Reiki. Sixteen of his students continued their training to reach the Shinpiden level, equivalent to the Western third degree, or master level.
Usui died in 1926.
Early development
After Usui's death, Chujiro Hayashi, a former student of Usui, left the Usui Reiki Ryoho Gakkai and formed his own association. Hayashi simplified the Reiki teachings, stressing physical healing and using a more codified and simpler set of Reiki techniques.
Hayashi initiated and trained Hawayo Takata, who traveled widely in the US, practising Reiki and teaching the first two levels to others.
Takata stressed the importance of charging money for Reiki treatments and teachings. In 1976, Takata began teaching the Shinpiden stage and introduced the term Reiki master for this level. She also fixed a price of $10,000 for the master training.
Takata died in 1980 by which time she had trained 22 Reiki masters. Almost all Reiki taught outside Japan can be attributed to her work.
Reiki's systems
Today, many Reiki systems exist, though there are two major systems, respectively called Traditional Japanese Reiki and Western Reiki .
Traditional Japanese reiki
The term Traditional Japanese Reiki is normally strictly used to describe the specific system that formed from Usui's teachings, and that did not go out of Japan. Around the time of the 1990s, some Western teachers travelled to Japan in order to find this particular system of Reiki, but they found nothing. They therefore started to establish Reiki schools, and to teach Reiki to the Japanese. Immediately upon this, the Japanese who had been secretly practising Reiki announced themselves and started spreading their knowledge. Since then, several systems of Traditional Japanese Reiki now exist, the main systems of which are listed below.
Usui Reiki Ryoho Gakkai is the name of a society of teachers who established their own Usui. This style has survived to the present day, with Ushida being the one who, upon death, substituted the presidency of the association to Usui. This society remained secret for many years, and at present, the teacher, Masaki Kondoh, is the president of the Gakkai. Many of their teachings remain secret, though little by little, members of this association - such as Master Hiroshi Doi - have been sharing their knowledge with the rest of the world. In spite of this, it continues to be a hermetic society, difficult to access.
Reido Reiki Gakkai is the name given to the system that derives from the masters of the Gakkai, and is led by Fuminori Aoki. Fuminori Aoki added to the teaching of the Gakkai, though differences in teaching are minimal. In this system, the symbol of the Koriki that was inspired Fuminori Aoki was adapted.
Komyo Reiki Kai is the name given to the system that takes the name of a school of Japanese Traditional Reiki, and was established by Hyakuten Inamoto（稲本 百天） Sensei. It differs from other systems in that it does not come from the Gakkai, but instead from the Hayashi line, through Chiyoko Yamaguchi（山口 千代子） that remained in Japan. It includes more teachings and specialised skills, as well as Usui's original symbols of Zui-un, Fukuyu, Honja-Ze-Shonén and Dai-Kō-Myō. At present, Hyakuten Inamoto Sensei is considered the successor of Mikao Usui because of his high spiritual evolutionary level.
Jikiden Reiki is the name given to the system that is similar to Komyo Reiki Kai, and was developed by the son of Ms. Yamaguchi, Tadao Yamaguchi（山口 忠夫）.
Western Reiki
Western or Occidental Reiki, is a system developed by Hawayo Takata. The principle difference between the traditions is the use of set hand patterns for internal treatments instead of Reiki Ho, the intuitive skill "of knowing where to place the hands." Western Reiki places more emphasis on the healing of ailments, and ascension to higher levels of attunement is more formalized.
The Western Reiki tradition spread to Hawaii first, then to California and the rest of the Western world. As a result of the second world war, Takata decided to modify Traditional Japanese Reiki system to make it more understandable and credible to the mentality of the West. Several variations followed. Additionally, there are independent teachers and small associations who continue Takata's system independent of the big associations. The several traditions have quarreled over the true definition of Reiki, the purity of various lineages, and similar matters.
- Reiki Usui Shiki Ryoho is the name given to the Western system of Reiki, meaning "Usui's System of Natural Healing," and is a system that has tried to cleave true to the original practises of Hawayo Takata. It is taught today by for instance the Reiki Alliance, led by Phyllis Lei Furumoto, Takata's granddaughter. In this system, as with most Western systems of Reiki, there are levels, respectively called the First Degree, Second Degree, and Master/Teacher. This system uses Takata's versions of the four original symbols, which are Cho-Ku Rei (commonly called " the power symbol "), Sei-He-Ki (commonly called " the mental/emotional symbol "), Hon-Sha-Ze-Sho-Nen (commonly called " the distance symbol "), and Dai-Ko-Myo Usui (commonly called " the master symbol ").
- Usui/Tibetan Reiki is the name given to the system that was developed by an American, William L. Rand. This system is derived from Usui Reiki as taught by Takata and includes techniques from the Usui Reiki Ryoho Gakkai such as byosan scanning, gyoshi ho, kenyoku, and gassho and also combines elements from the Tibetan Raku Kei system as taught by Arthur Robertson. A modified attunement method incorporating the Violet Breath and the use of two Tibetan symbols along with the four Usui symbols is used. The symbols are the Tibetan Dai-Ko-Mio and the Fire Serpent. Along with introducing more symbols and the violet breath, Usui/Tibetan Reiki incorporates psychic surgery(This style was developed by Rand and is different than the Philippine version). Unlike Reiki Usui
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