Like the Bengali language, Bengali poetry traces its lineage to Pāli and other Prakrit socio-cultural traditions. An antagonism to Vedic rituals and laws heightened to a culmination in the Buddhist and Jainist movements. However, modern Bengali owes as much to Sanskrit. Like the society that thrived to populate the modern Bengal, Bengali language and culture appears to be a perfect amalgam of almost unanalysable elements.
Early history
The history of Bengali poetry is usually divided into three major successive stages of development: poetry of the early age, such as Charyapad ; the Medieval period; and the age of modern poetry. True modernity was introduced into Bengali poetry in 1930s.
Earliest poems
Bengali poetry of the oldest period, probably beginning from the 10th century, is known for the mystic poems called Charyapad or Charyagiti , actually called Charyacharyavinishchaya . These were discovered from Nepal's Royal library by Bengali scholar Mahamahopadhyay Haraprasad Shastri.
Medieval Age
Epic in Vernacular
- Krittibas Ojha
- Kashiram Das
Bhakti Movement, Vaishnava Padabali, Shakta Padabali
The period between 1350 and 1800 was the Medieval period of Bengali poetry. It was known as the period of Jayadeva (12th century), the renowned poet from neighboring Orissa, famous for his magnum opus Gitagovinda. Vidyapati (13th century) with his love lyrics, and Badu Chandidas, the author of Sri Krishna Kirtan, the most important philosophical ang most erotic work of the period. The period from 1500 A.D. to 1800 A.D. was known as the Late Middle Bengali period. During this period, there was a marked influence of Chaitanya, which led to the development of Vaishnava literature. Chandidas (13th century) is one of the greatest poets of this time. Other Vaishnava poets include Govinddas and Gyandas.
Mangala Kavya
Outside of Vaishnava poetry, the most significant work of the sixteenth century was Chandimangal, by Mukunda Chakravarti. Other Mangal Kavyas include Manasamangal, Dharmamangal and Phullaketu.
Arakan(in Myanmar)
Two of Bengal's best-known Muslim poets, Daulat Kazi and Alaol, lived in the fifteenth century (1607-1680).
Birth of modern poetry
Bharat Chandra probably marks the transition period of pre-colonial theocentric poetry and modern poetry. After Bharat Chandra there is a long list of poets notable Iswar Gupta before Michael Madhusudan Dutta (1834-1873) who is the founder of modern age of Bengali literature. Another great poet of this period is Biharilal Chakravarti’s (1834-94). Then Rabindranath Tagore(1861-1941), Kazi Nazrul Islam (1899-1976), Jatindramohan Bagchi (1878-1948) and many others begin the age of modern bengali poetry.
Modern Bengali poetry
With Rabindranath founding a firm basis for Bengali poetry, the new poets of the early 1920s started a conscious movement for transcending the frontiers of traditional verses and establishing a realm of truly 'modern' poetry in Bengali. It was a successful movement that brought permanent change about the concept of structure of poetry, in addition to theme. One notable sect of modernists included pro-socialism poets like Sukanta Bhattacharya and Samar Sen.
Pragati-Kallol-Kavita-Parichay : Age of Modern Poetry
The modern age begins with a group of writers who wrote for Kallol, a modernist movement magazine (Little magazine movement), founded in 1923. The most popular among the group were Kazi Nazrul Islam (1899 - 1976) and Mohitlal Majumder (1888-1952), Achintyakumar Sengupta (1903-1976), Satyendranath Dutta (1882-1922), Premendra Mitra (1904 - 1988) and others. Then Bengali poetry got into the brightest light of modernism in 1930s, through the movement of few other little magazines, such as Buddhadeb Bosu's Kabita and Sudhindranath Datta's Parichay .
The great poets of those movements— Jibanananda Das (1899 - 1954), Buddhadev Bose (1908 - 1974), Sudhindranath Dutta (1901 - 1960), Bishnu Dey (1909 - 1982), Amiya Chakravarty (1901 - 1986) and Samar Sen (1916 - 1987) were the main characters who made a significant effort to reshape Bengali Poetry.
Post World War II Poets
Dinesh Das (1913 - 1985), Sukanta Bhattacharya (1926 - 1947), Arun Mitra (1909-2000), Nirendranath Chakravarty, Subhas Mukhopadhyay (1919-2003), Abul Kasem Rahimuddin.
Poets of Islamic ideals
Given the politics of British India that saw partition of India on the basis of religion, some poets wrote poetry imbued with Islamic fervour. Some of these are Sayid Ismail Hossain Shiraji, Golam Mostofa (1897-1964), Farrukh Ahmed (1918-1974), Talim Hossain, and Abdul Kadir (1906-1984). Of them, Farrukh Ahmed is most accomplished and in essence, he is a modernist..
Post Independence Poetry
Please refer to the following link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krittibas
Parallel poetry since 1970's (The Bengali Little Magazine Movement)
Kaurab Cult
There have been major changes occurring in Bengali poetry, since the 1970s. These changes have been pivoting mainly around Kaurab - a cultural magazine nearly four decades old. Prime cult-poets of Kaurab are :
Swadesh Sen, Kamal Chakraborty, Barin Ghosal, Shankar Lahiri and Aryanil Mukhopadhyay.
Natun Kabita (New Poetry)
Later since the mid 80's Bengali Literature experienced a new genre of Bengali poetry called New Poetry . From the early 90's with impetus from a Kolkata based poetry journal Kabita Campus , New Poetry has began to gain immense acclamation from young contemporary poets of Bengal. In 2003 some poets of this genre have started a journal named Natun Kabita containing their ideas and poems, through, both, online and print media. Another new age poetry magazine in the same sphere is Boikhoribhashya . Poets associated with this literary movement are:
Barin Ghosal, Ranjan Maitra, Swapan Roy, Dhiman Chakraborty, Alok Biswas, Pronob Pal, Saumitra Sengupta, Arupratan Ghosh, Indranil Ghosh, Rashidul Bari, Amitava Praharaj and Debanjan Das. Rajarshi Chattopadhyay, Atanu Bandopadhyay, Pradip Chakraborty are poets who joined this movement in the mid 90's.
New Age (New Century)
The first decade of this century (2000 - 09) is considered to be the period of a New Age Little Magazine Movement. The magazines prominent in this period are:
Sanjbati, Lalon, Bodhshabda, Pratishedhak, Abosardanga, Ashtray, Ahir, Byas etc. Gouri Sankar Bandyopadhyay ('Madhya Chaitre Mailbox', Prativash, June 2009)
Major poets rising from the period are:
Sankha Subhra Devbarman, Aritra Sanyal, Atanu Singha, Animikh Patra, Souptik Chakraborty, Somtirtha Nandi, Susnata Jana, Tanmay Mandal, Souva Chattopadhyay, Arindam Ray, Deb Maity, Sayantan Mukhopadhyay, Saibal Sarkar, Arup Ghosh, Himalay Jana, Kaushik Bhowmik, Anamitra Roy, Rohon Kuddus, Sanghamitra Haldar, Himadri Mukhopadhyay, Somnath Ghosal, Swadesh Misra, Swagata Dasgupta, Nabendu Bikash Ray, Paramita Das.
See also
- List of Bengali poets
- List of national poetries
- Kavita of Buddhadeva Bose
- Hungry generation
- List of Bangladeshi poets
- New Age Bengali Literature
References
- ^ http://www.freebase.com/view/en/rashidul_bari/-/user/abdul/default_domain
External links
- Kaurab Translation Archive of Bangla Poetry
- Bangla Poetry in English Translation
- Poets of Bangladesh in English Translation
- http://www.kaurab.com/english/bengali_poetry/Hungry-Generation/
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungry_generation
- http:
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