Plastic shopping bags , carrier bags , or plastic grocery bags , are a common type of shopping bag in several countries. Most often these bags are intended for a single use to carry items from a store to a home: reuse for storage or trash (bin bags) is common. Heavier duty plastic shopping bags are suitable for multiple uses as reusable shopping bags.
History
Plastic bags are often made from polyethylene, which consists of a long chain of ethylene monomers. Ethylene is derived from natural gas and petroleum, and it was not until 1977 that polyethylene was used in forms of plastic grocery bags. Dixie Bag Co. of College Park GA, owned and operated by J.W. "The "Bagman" McBride was a leader in the new industry and hoped to bring convenient products to all major shopping stores. Mr. McBride's, Dixie Bag, as well as Houston Poly Bag, were instrumental in manufacturing, marketing, and perfecting this unique bag by the early 80s. Kroger, an Atlanta based Company, agreed to try this innovation. So, the real change in grocery bags did not start until 1982, when the two of America’s largest grocery companies Safeway and Kroger started replacing paper bags with more affordable plastic bags. From then on, the usage of plastic bags became common for carrying daily groceries from the store, to our vehicles, and finally to our homes. As plastic bags increasingly replaced paper bags, and as other plastic materials and products replaced glass, metal, stone, timber and other materials, a packaging materials war erupted with plastic shopping bags at the center of highly publicized battles.
Composition
Plastic shopping bags are usually made of polyethylene. This can be low-density, resin identification code 4, or most often high-density, resin identification code 2.
Although often quoted as consuming oil resources, most plastic bags are actually made from natural gas.
Although not in use today, plastic shopping bags could be made from Polylactic acid (PLA) a biodegradable polymer derived from lactic acid. This is one form of vegetable-based bioplastic. This material biodegrades quickly under composting conditions and does not leave toxic residue. However, bioplastic can have its own environmental impacts, depending on the way it is produced. Recyclability of this experimental material is unproven: resin identification code 7 is applicable.
Bags made of biodegradable polythene film, which decompose when exposed to sun, air, and moisture, and are also suited for composting have been proposed as an alternative to conventional plastic shopping bags. However, they do not readily decompose in a sealed landfill and represent a possible contaminant to plastic recycling operations. Resin identification code 7 is applicable.
Environmental improvement efforts
Regarding the environmental impact of plastic shopping bag, many business have planed or started charging for bags. In some regions, like San Francisco, have prohibited the production and distribution of bags. Plastic shopping bags can be recycled and groups like the Progressive bag alliance promote education as a way of increasing rates of plastic recycling.
Green Business
IKEA, a home product retailer, had started charging customers for plastic shopping bags in all UK stores in spring 2006, all US stores in March 2007, and all Canada stores in October 2007. On top of charging for plastic bags, distribution of reusable bags was also available. The program was designed to help alter IKEA's customer behavior and endorse an environmentally responsible habit. A 50% plastic bags usage reduction was projected in US and Canada stores, a 95% reduction result was achieved in UK stores.
In September 2008, as the world largest retailer, Walmart announced a similiar program in order to reduce the plastic waste produced. By giving out fewer plastic bags and selling reusable bags, Walmart was expected to reduce its plastic waste from 25% to 50% worldwide, and aimed to eliminate 135 million pounds of plastic waste over five years.
Plastic bags ban by Regions
The United State
Americans consume 12 million barrels of oil in order to manufacture between 30 and 100 billion plastic bags annually with a low recycling rate. In order to eliminate the pollution and environmental difficulties, the city of San Franciso led the movement and became the first US city to outlaw non-biodegradable plastic bags. Dozen of US cities such as Dallas, Seattle, and Portland have responded to the movement, restricted or banned plastic bags.
China
China manufacture more than one trillion plastic bags annually with 37 million barrels of oil, the bags are mostly ultra-thin plastic bags, which are typically used once and then disposed. Most of the bags, more than 3 million tons annually, were disposed improperly in landfills or unofficial dumping site. In the effort to reduce bags usage and environmental impact, China's State Council issued the banning the production of ultra-thin plastic bags nationwide, effective in June 2008. The ruling also imposes fee on plastic bags usage in stores in order to direct customers to a more environmental friendly behavior. As of August 2009, official figures showed that China had saved the equivalent of 2.4 million and 3 million tons of oil, 60% reduction in plastic bags use, and 9.6 million tons in reduction of carbon dioxide emission over the 14 months into the ban.
Growing recycling rates in North America
Although the United States Environmental Protection Agency stated in 2000 that only 1% of plastic bags were recycled, significant attention resulted in a 700% growth in the recycling industry as new capacity led to a 7% rate. This resulted in more that 800 million lbs of bags and other film being recycled in 2007 alone Each ton of recycled plastic bags saves the energy equivalent of 11 barrels of oil, although most bags are produced from natural gas derived stock. In light of an Australian study showing more than 60% of bags are reused as bin liners and for other purposes, the 7% recycling rate account for 17.5% of bags available for recycling.
See also
- Bioplastic
- Plastic bag
- Litter
- Bin bag
- Plastic recycling
- Biodegradable polythene film
- Biodegradation
- Progressive bag alliance
- Paper pollution
- Photodegradation
- Reusable shopping bag
- Trash bag
- Biodegradable bags
References
- ^ a b Natural Resource Defense Council
- ^ US Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, US Life Cycle Inventory Database, http://www.nrel.gov/lci/
- ^ Notes from the Packaging Laboratory: Polylactic Acid -- An Exciting New Packaging Material
- ^ The Guardian - Biodegradable plastic bags carry more ecological harm than good
- ^ a b Treehugger
- ^ a b Reuter,Wal-Mart aims to curb plastic bags use
- ^ Dodd, Johnny, People, 00937673, 4/28/2008, Vol. 69, Issue 16, http://web.ebscohost.com.libdb.njit.edu:8888/ehost/detail?vid=5&hid=105&sid=a8c84209-cb65-425c-92ef-2b8d3798c3c3%40sessionmgr110&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=aph&AN=31743943
- ^ World Watch; May/Jun2008, Vol. 21 Issue 3, p6-6, 1/2p, 1 bw , China's Bag Ban Likely to Change Consumer Habits, http://web.ebscohost.com.libdb.njit.edu:8888/ehost/detail?vid=1&hid=105&sid=f0e70ba8-c24d-4e4f-85a8-9d2b189d6cf2%40sessionmgr111&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=aph&AN=31733989
- ^ Globaltime, Plastic-bag ban paying off, http://china.globaltimes.cn/chinanews/2009-08/461593.html
- ^ http://www.americanchemistry.com/s_plastics/sec_content.asp?CID=1593&DID=8899
- ^ Questions About Your Community: Shopping Bags: Paper or Plastic or . . .?
- ^ http://www.environment.gov.au/settlements/publications/waste/plastic-bags/pubs/report-2002.pdf
External links
Further reading
- Susan Selke|Selke, S, Packaging and the Environment , 1994, ISBN 1566761042
- Susan Selke|Selke, S,. Plastics Packaging , 2004, ISBN 1569903727
- Stillwell, E. J, Packaging for the Environment , A. D. Little, 1991, ISBN 0814450741
- Scheirs, J., Polymer Recycling:
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