The RMS Titanic was an Olympic -class passenger liner owned by British shipping company White Star Line and built at the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast, Ireland. At the time of her construction, she was the largest passenger steamship in the world.
Shortly before midnight on 14 April 1912, four days into the ship's maiden voyage, Titanic hit an iceberg and sank two hours and forty-eight minutes later, early on 15 April 1912. The sinking resulted in the deaths of 1,517 of the 2,223 people on board, making it one of the deadliest peacetime maritime disasters in history. The high casualty rate was due in part to the fact that, although complying with the regulations of the time, the ship did not carry enough lifeboats for everyone aboard. The ship had a total lifeboat capacity of 1,178 people, although her maximum capacity was 3,547. A disproportionate number of men died due to the women-and-children-first protocol that was followed.
The Titanic used some of the most advanced technology available at the time and was popularly believed to have been described as "unsinkable." It was a great shock to many that, despite the extensive safety features, the Titanic sank. The frenzy on the part of the media about Titanic ' s famous victims, the legends about the sinking, the resulting changes to maritime law, and the discovery of the wreck have contributed to the continuing interest in, and notoriety of, the Titanic .
Construction
The Titanic was a White Star Line ocean liner, built at the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast, and designed to compete with the rival Cunard Line's Lusitania and Mauretania . The Titanic , along with her Olympic -class sisters, the Olympic and the soon-to-be-built Britannic (which was to be called Gigantic at first), were intended to be the largest, most luxurious ships ever to operate. The designers were Lord William Pirrie, a director of both Harland and Wolff and White Star, naval architect Thomas Andrews, Harland and Wolff's construction manager and head of their design department, and Alexander Carlisle, the shipyard's chief draughtsman and general manager. Carlisle's role in this project was the design of the superstructure of these ships, particularly the superstructures' streamlined joining to the hulls as well as the implementation of an efficient lifeboat davit design. Carlisle would leave the project in 1910, before the ships were launched, when he became a shareholder in Welin Davit & Engineering Company Ltd, the firm making the davits.
Construction of RMS Titanic , funded by the American J.P. Morgan and his International Mercantile Marine Co., began on 31 March, 1909. Titanic ' s hull was launched on 31 May 1911, and her outfitting was completed by 31 March the following year. She was 882 feet 9 inches (269.1 m) long and 92 feet 0 inches (28.0 m) wide, with a gross register tonnage of 46,328 long tons and a height from the water line to the boat deck of 59 feet (18 m). She was equipped with two reciprocating four-cylinder, triple-expansion steam engines and one low-pressure Parsons turbine, which powered three propellers. There were 29 boilers fired by 159 coal burning furnaces that made possible a top speed of 23 knots (43 km/h; 26 mph). Only three of the four 62 feet (19 m) funnels were functional: the fourth, which served only for ventilation purposes, was added to make the ship look more impressive. The ship could carry a total of 3,547 passengers and crew.
Features
Titanic surpassed all her rivals in luxury and opulence. She offered an on-board swimming pool, a gymnasium, a squash court, a Turkish bath, a Verandah Cafe and libraries in both the first and second class. First-class common rooms were adorned with ornate wood panelling, expensive furniture and other decorations. The third class general room had pine panelling and sturdy teak furniture. There were also barber shops in both the first and second class. In addition, the Café Parisien offered cuisine for the first-class passengers, with a sunlit veranda fitted with trellis decorations. The ship incorporated technologically advanced features for the period. She had three electric elevators in first class and one in second class. She had also an extensive electrical subsystem with steam-powered generators and ship-wide wiring feeding electric lights, two Marconi radios, including a powerful 1,500-watt set manned by two operators working in shifts, allowing constant contact and the transmission of many passenger messages. First-class passengers paid a hefty fee for such amenities. The most expensive one-way trans-Atlantic passage was $4,350 (which is more than $95,860 in 2008 dollars).
Lifeboats
For her maiden voyage, Titanic carried a total of 20 lifeboats of three different varieties:
- Lifeboats 1 and 2: emergency wooden cutters: 25'2" long by 7'2" wide by 3'2" deep; capacity 326.6 cubic feet or 40 persons
- Lifeboats 3 to 16: wooden lifeboats: 30' long by 9'1" wide by 4' deep; capacity 655.2 cubic feet or 65 persons
- Lifeboats A, B, C and D: Englehardt "collapsible" lifeboats: 27'5" long by 8' wide by 3' deep; capacity 376.6 cubic feet or 47 persons
Total capacity of 1,178 persons.
The lifeboats were predominantly stowed in chocks on the boat deck, not connected to the falls of the davits. Those on the starboard side were numbered 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 from bow-to-stern, while those on the port side were numbered 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 from bow-to-stern. The emergency cutters (lifeboats 1 and 2) were kept swung out, hanging from the davits, ready for immediate use while collapsible lifeboats C and D were stowed on the boat deck immediately in-board of boats 1 and 2 respectively. Collapsible lifeboats A and B were stored on the roof of the officer's quarters, on either side of number 1 funnel. However there were no davits mounted on the officer's quarters to lower collapsibles A and B and the both of them weighed a considerable amount empty. During the sinking lowering collapsibles A and B proved difficult as it was first necessary to slide the boats on timbers and/or oars down to the boat deck. During this procedure, collapsible B capsized and subsequently floated off the ship upside down.
At the design stage Carlisle suggested that Titanic use a new, larger type of davit, manufactured by the Welin Davit & Engineering Co Ltd, each of which could handle four lifeboats. Sixteen sets of these davits were installed, giving Titanic the ability to carry 64 wooden lifeboats—a total capacity of over 4,000 people, compared with Titanic ' s total carrying capacity of about 3,600 passengers and crew. However, the White Star Line, while agreeing to the new davits, decided that only 16 wooden lifeboats (16 being the minimum required by the Board of Trade, based on the Titanic ' s projected tonnage) would be carried (there were also four folding lifeboats, called collapsibles), which could accommodate only 1,178 people (33% of Titanic ' s total capacity). At the time, the Board of Trade's regulations stated that British vessels over 10,000 tons must carry 16 lifeboats with a capacity of 5,500 cubic feet (160 m 3 ), plus enough capacity in rafts and floats for 75% (or 50% in case of a vessel with watertight bulkheads) of that in the lifeboats. Therefore, the White Star Line actually provided more lifeboat accommodation than was legally required.
The regulations had made no extra provision for larger ships since 1894, when the largest passenger ship under consideration was the Cunard Line's Lucania , only 13,000 tons. Sir Alfred Chalmers, nautical adviser to the Board of Trade from 1896 to 1911, had considered the matter "from time to time", but because he thought that experienced sailors would have to be carried "uselessly" aboard ship for no other purpose than lowering and manning lifeboats, and the difficulty he anticipated in getting away a greater number than 16 in any emergency, he "did not consider it necessary to increase ".
Carlisle told the official inquiry that he had discussed the matter with J. Bruce Ismay, White Star's Managing Director, but in his evidence Ismay denied that he had ever heard of this, nor did he recollect noticing such provision in the plans of the ship he had inspected. Ten days before the maiden voyage Axel Welin, the maker of Titanic ' s lifeboat davits, had announced that his machinery had been installed because the vessel's owners were aware of forthcoming changes in official regulations, but Harold Sanderson, vice-president of the International Mercantile Marine and former general manager of the White Star Line, denied that this had been the intention.
Pumps
Titanic was fitted with five ballast and bilge pumps, used for trimming the vessel, and three bilge pumps. Two 10-inch main ballast pipes ran the length of t
Welcome to South Shores Boat Carpet
South Shores Custom Boat Carpet and Installation: Name: Address: City: State: Zip Code: Phone: Alternate phone:
How To Install Bass Boat Carpet - Marine Carpet & Boat Carpet in Stock ...
Shop Boat Carpet Buys.com, your source to buy marine carpet, carpet for boats and outdoor carpeting.
Welcome to South Shores Boat Carpet
Replace your old, worn out BOAT CARPET in cockpits, salons, flybridges and ... Upon completion of the installation, we vacuum the area and return all ...
Bass Boat Carpet Install
So, it is time to replace your worn out bass boat carpet. Well, before you begin, it is best to get all your tools and materials together. Here is what I had on hand to do the job.
Customer Services - Marine Carpet, Boat Carpet In Stock. Free ...
If you find that your boat carpet has been wrinkled please unroll it and allow the carpet to sit for 24 hours before installation. Return Policy
Custom Carpet Installation | Holland Michigan | Boats Yachts
We offer custom options for boats including boat tops with enclosures, boat frames, boat upholstery, interior coverings, draperies, carpeting, endless possibilities.
Installing Boat Carpets - How to Install a Boat Carpet
Every boat owner knows importance of installing boat carpets. Boat carpets come in a variety of types. Hence, selecting right one for your boat is very important. Here is a guide ...
Carpet Installation - TeamTalk
Carpet Installation Upholstery ... Has anyone replaced the carpeting in there boat without taking the boat apart?
Install - Boat Repair and Boat Building Forums
Boat Restoration and Building: 9: carpet glue? Seat install? Boat Restoration and Building ... 1-800-589-0603 Outboard Engine Parts
2009 Pittsburgh Boat Show
2009 Pittsburgh Boat Show 49th Anniversary Exhibitor Carpet Installation Request The purpose of this form is to assist us in planning the installation of carpet for the show.