Frances Elena Farmer (September 19, 1913 – August 1, 1970) was an American actress of stage and screen. She is perhaps better known for sensationalized and fictional accounts of her life, and especially her involuntary commitment to a mental hospital. Farmer was the subject of three films, three books, and numerous songs and magazine articles.
Early life and education
Farmer was born in Seattle, Washington, to Ernest Melvin Farmer and Lillian Van Ornum Farmer. In 1931, while attending West Seattle High School, she entered and won $100 from The Scholastic Art & Writing Awards, a writing contest sponsored by Scholastic Magazine , with her controversial essay God Dies . It was a precocious attempt to reconcile her wish for, in her words, a "superfather" God, with her observations of a chaotic, seemingly godless, world. In 1935, as a student at the University of Washington, Farmer won a subscription contest for the leftist newspaper The Voice of Action . First prize was a trip to the Soviet Union, which she took despite her mother's strong objections, in order to see the pioneering Moscow Art Theater. These two incidents fostered accusations that Farmer was both an atheist and a Communist.
Farmer studied drama at the University of Washington. During the 1930s, its drama department productions were considered citywide cultural events and attended accordingly. While there she starred in plays including Helen of Troy , Everyman and Uncle Vanya . In late 1934, she starred in the school's production of Alien Corn , speaking foreign languages, playing the piano, and receiving rave reviews in what was then the longest-running play in the department's history.
Career
Early film career and first marriage
Returning from the Soviet Union in the summer of 1935, Farmer stopped in New York City, hoping to launch a legitimate theater career. Instead, she was referred to a Paramount Pictures talent scout, Oscar Serlin, who arranged for a screen test. Paramount offered her a 7-year contract. Farmer signed it in New York on her 22nd birthday and moved to Hollywood. She had top billing in two well-received 1936 B-movies. She wed actor Leif Erickson in February 1936 while shooting the first of the movies. Later that year, Farmer was cast opposite Bing Crosby in her first "A" feature, Rhythm on the Range . During the summer of 1936, she was loaned to Samuel Goldwyn to appear in Come and Get It , based on the novel by Edna Ferber. Both of these films were sizable hits, and her portrayals of both the mother and daughter in Come and Get It were praised by the public and critics, with several reviews greeting Farmer as a new-found star.
A rebellious star
Farmer was not entirely satisfied with her career, however. She felt stifled by Paramount's tendency to cast her in films which depended on her looks more than her talent. Her outspoken style made her seem uncooperative and contemptuous. In an age when the studios dictated every facet of a star's life, Farmer rebelled against the studio's control and resisted every attempt they made to glamorize her private life. She refused to attend Hollywood parties or to date other stars for the gossip columns. However, Farmer was sympathetically described in a 1937 Colliers article as being indifferent about the clothing she wore and was said to drive an older-model "green roadster."
Hoping to enhance her reputation as a serious actress, she left Hollywood in 1937 to do summer stock at the Pinebrook Theatre in Connecticut . There she attracted the attention of director Harold Clurman and playwright Clifford Odets. They invited her to appear in the Group Theatre production of Odets' play Golden Boy . Her performance at first received mixed reviews, with Time magazine commenting that she had been miscast. Due to Farmer's box office appeal, however, the play became the biggest hit in the Group's history. By 1938, when the production had embarked on a national tour, regional critics from Washington D.C. to Chicago gave her rave reviews.
Farmer had an affair with Odets, but he was married to actress Luise Rainer and didn't offer Farmer a commitment. Farmer felt betrayed when Odets suddenly ended the relationship; and when the Group chose another actress for its London run—an actress whose family funded the play—she came to believe that The Group had used her drawing power selfishly to further the success of the play. She returned to Hollywood, and arranged with Paramount to stay in Los Angeles for three months out of every year to make motion pictures. The rest of her time she intended to use for theater. Her next two appearances on Broadway had short runs. Farmer found herself back in Los Angeles, often loaned out by Paramount to other studios for starring roles. At her home studio, meanwhile, she was consigned to costarring appearances, which she often found unchallenging.
By 1939, her temperamental work habits and worsening alcoholism began to damage her reputation. In 1940, after abruptly quitting a Broadway production of a play by Ernest Hemingway, she starred in two major films, both loan-outs to other studios. A year later, however, she was again relegated to co-starring roles. Her performance in the film Son of Fury (1942) was critically praised. In 1942, Paramount canceled her contract, reportedly because of her alcoholism and increasingly erratic behaviour during pre-production of Take A Letter, Darling . Meanwhile, her marriage to Erickson had disintegrated and ended in divorce in 1942.
Legal and psychological problems
Arrest
On October 19, 1942, Farmer was stopped by the police in Santa Monica for driving with her headlights on bright in the wartime blackout zone that affected most of the West Coast. Some reports say she was unable to produce a driver's license and was verbally abusive. The police suspected her of being drunk and she was jailed overnight. Farmer was fined $500 and given a 180-day suspended sentence. She immediately paid $250 and was put on probation.
By January 1943, she failed to pay the rest of the fine and a bench warrant was issued for her arrest. At almost the same time, a studio hairdresser filed an assault charge alleging that Farmer had dislocated her jaw on the set. The police traced Farmer to the Knickerbocker Hotel in Hollywood. Getting no answer, they entered her room with a pass key. They reportedly found her in bed (some stories include an episode involving the bathroom) and made her dress quickly. By all accounts, she did not surrender peacefully.
At her hearing the next morning, she behaved erratically. She claimed the police had violated her civil rights, demanded an attorney, and threw an inkwell at the judge. He immediately sentenced her to 180 days in jail. She knocked down a policeman and bruised another, along with a matron. She ran to a phone booth where she tried to call her attorney, but was subdued by the police. They physically carried her away as she shouted, “Have you ever had a broken heart?”
Newspaper reports gave sensationalized accounts of her arrest. Through the efforts of her sister-in-law, a deputy sheriff in Los Angeles County, Farmer was transferred to the psychiatric ward of L.A. General Hospital. There she was diagnosed with "manic depressive psychosis."
First hospitalization
Within days, having been sent to the San Fernando Valley and the Kimball Sanitarium in La Crescenta, Farmer was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. She was given insulin shock therapy, a treatment then accepted as standard psychiatric procedure but later discredited. The side effects included intense nausea.
Her family later claimed they did not give their consent to the treatment, as documented in her sister's self-published book, Look Back in Love , and in court records. The sanitarium was a minimum-security facility. After about nine months, Farmer walked away one afternoon and went to her half-sister Rita's house over 20 miles (32 km) away. The pair called their mother in Seattle to complain about the insulin treatment.
Lillian Farmer traveled to California and began a lengthy legal battle to have guardianship of her daughter transferred from the state of California to her. Although several psychiatrists testified that Farmer needed further treatment, her mother prevailed. The two of them left Los Angeles by train on September 13, 1943.
Western State Hospital and later life
Farmer moved back in with her parents in West Seattle, but she and her mother fought bitterly. Within six months, Farmer physically attacked her mother. Her mother then had Frances Farmer committed to Western State Hospital at Steilacoom, Washington. There, Farmer sometimes received electro-convulsive shock treatment (ECT). Three months later, during the summer of 1944, she was pronounced "completely cured" and released.
While traveling with her father to visit at an aunt's ranch in Reno, Nevada, Farmer ran away. She spent time with a family who had picked her up hitchhiking, but she was eventually arrested for vagrancy in Antioch, California. Her arrest received wide publicity. Offers of help came in from across the country, but Farmer ignored them all. After a long stay with her aunt in Nevada, Farmer went back to her parents. At her mother's request, at age 32, Farmer was recommi
DWI Attorney | DUI Lawyer | Fight your Drunk Driving Case
Find a DWI Attorney or DUI Attorney today to help fight your drunk driving case. With qualified attorneys ... INDIANA: MISSISSIPPI: North Dakota: UTAH: ARKANSAS: IOWA: MISSOURI: OHIO: VERMONT ...
DUI Lawyers DWI Attorneys help with dui defense & drunk driving ...
DUI / DWI or drunk driving laws are defined by each state, but are very similar in many respects. Anyone accused of drunk driving needs expert legal representation from a criminal ...
DUI Lawyers and DUI Attorneys: Drunk Driving Defense Attorneys for ...
Using a DUI attorney or DUI Lawyer who focuses on drunk driving defense could make a difference in the outcome of ... Indiana: Mississippi: North Dakota: Utah: California: Iowa: Missouri: Ohio: Vermont
DWI Lawyers, DWI Attorneys, Drunk Driving Defense Attorneys
Using a drunk driving attorney who focuses specifically on DWI could make a difference in the ... Indiana: Minnesota: New York: South Dakota: Wisconsin: Colorado: Iowa: Mississippi: North Carolina
Nationwide DUI/DWI/OUI/OWI/OUIL Attorneys Laws Lawyers In Drunk ...
Our Nationwide DUI/DWI/OUI/OWI/OUIL Attorneys are experienced in drunk driving, felony and misdemeanor cases including jury trials, non-jury trials, contested motion practice and ...
Drunk Driving Defense Attorney - DUI Attorneys, DUI Lawyers, DWI ...
Need a Drunk Driving Attorney? Drunk-Driving-and-DUI Attorney.com has established this website to ... Illinois Iowa Indiana Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland
DRUNK-DRIVING-ATTORNEYS.COM
The DUI attorneys and DWI lawyers listed on this site include nationally published authors on DUI laws and DWI laws. These Drunk Driving Defense Attorneys have appeared in over 75 ...
Marion County Indianapolis Drunk Driving Lawyers : Indiana Criminal ...
No attorney/client relationship with our Indianapolis, Marion County, Indiana Indianapolis Drunk Driving attorney is hereby formed nor is the Marion County Indianapolis Drunk ...
Indiana DWI Attorney, Drunk Driving Arrest Laws, DWI Lawyer, Legal ...
Pat Arata and his associates are experienced in felony and misdemeanor DWI cases including jury trials, non-jury trials, contested motion practice and DMV hearings
Indiana DUI Lawyers and Drunk Driving Attorneys | DUI.com
Law Office of Matthew D. Soliday & Associates. As a former Deputy Prosecutor, Indiana DUI Lawyer Matthew Soliday knows how to anticipate the tactics of law enforcement and ...