QuickTime is a proprietary multimedia framework developed by Apple Inc., capable of handling various formats of digital video, media clips, sound, text, animation, music, and interactive panoramic images. It is available for Mac OS classic (System 7 onwards), Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows operating systems. The latest version is QuickTime X (10.0) and is only available on Mac OS X v10.6.
Overview
QuickTime is integrated with Mac OS X, and it was an optional component at install for earlier versions of Mac OS. All Apple systems ship with QuickTime already installed. QuickTime for Windows systems is downloadable, either as a standalone installation or bundled with iTunes.
Software development kits (SDKs) for QuickTime are available to the public with a Apple Developer Connection (ADC) subscription.
QuickTime players
QuickTime is available for Mac OS X and Windows operating systems, and is distributed free of charge. Some other free player applications that rely on the QuickTime framework provide features not available in the basic QuickTime Player. For example:
- iTunes can export audio in WAV, AIFF, MP3, AAC, and Apple Lossless.
- In Mac OS X, a simple AppleScript can be used to play a movie in full-screen mode. However, since version 7.2 the QuickTime Player now also supports full-screen viewing in the non-pro version.
QuickTime Pro
The included QuickTime Player is limited to only basic playback operations unless the user purchases a QuickTime Pro license key, which Apple sells for US$29.95. Apple's "Pro Applications" (e.g. Final Cut Studio, Logic Studio) come with a free QuickTime Pro license. Pro keys are specific to the major version of QuickTime for which they are purchased. The Pro key unlocks additional features of the QuickTime Player application on Mac OS X or Windows (although most of these can be accessed simply by using players, video editors or miscellaneous utilities from other sources). Use of the Pro key does not entail any additional downloads.
Features enabled by the Pro license include, but are not limited to:
- Editing clips through the Cut, Copy and Paste functions, merging separate audio and video tracks, and freely placing the video tracks on a virtual canvas with the options of cropping and rotation.
- Saving and exporting (encoding) to any of the codecs supported by QuickTime. QuickTime 7 includes presets for exporting video to a video-capable iPod, Apple TV, and the iPhone.
- Saving existing QuickTime Movies from the web directly to a hard disk drive. This is often, but not always, either hidden or intentionally blocked in the standard mode. It should be noted that two options exist for saving movies from a web browser:
- Save As Source – This option will save the embedded video in its original format. (i.e., not limited to *.mov files.)
- Save As QuickTime Movie – This option will save the embedded video in a *.mov file format no matter what the original encoding is/was.
The latest version of Mac OS X, Mac OS X v10.6 "Snow Leopard", includes QuickTime X, the latest version of the player. This version lacks cut, copy and paste and will only export to 4 formats, but its limited export feature is free.
QuickTime framework
The QuickTime framework provides the following:
- Encoding and transcoding video and audio from one format to another.
- Decoding video and audio, then sending the decoded stream to the graphics or audio subsystem for playback. In Mac OS X, QuickTime sends video playback to the Quartz Extreme (OpenGL) Compositor.
- A plug-in architecture for supporting additional codecs (such as DivX).
As of early 2008 the framework hides many of the older codecs listed below from the user although users must enable the option to "Show legacy encoders" in QuickTime Preferences to use them. The framework supports the following file types and codecs natively:
Audio
- Apple Lossless
- Audio Interchange (AIFF)
- Digital Audio: Audio CD – 16-bit (CDDA), 24-bit, 32-bit integer & floating point, and 64-bit floating point
- MIDI
- MPEG-1 Layer 3 Audio (.mp3)
- MPEG-4 AAC Audio (.m4a, .m4b, .m4p)
- DRM-protected audio from the iTunes store
- QDesign Music
- Qualcomm PureVoice (QCELP)
- Sun AU Audio
- ULAW and ALAW Audio
- Waveform Audio (WAV)
Video
- 3GPP & 3GPP2 file formats
- AVI file format
- Bitmap (BMP) codec and file format
- DV file (DV NTSC/PAL and DVC Pro NTSC/PAL codecs)
- Flash & FlashPix files
- GIF and Animated GIF files
- H.261, H.263, and H.264 codecs
- JPEG, Photo JPEG, and JPEG-2000 codecs and file formats
- MPEG-1, MPEG-2, and MPEG-4 Video file formats and associated codecs (such as AVC)
- Quartz Composer Composition (.qtz, Mac OS X only)
- QuickTime Movie (.mov) and QTVR movies
- Sorenson Video 2 and 3 codecs
- Other video codecs: Apple Video, Cinepak, Component Video, Graphics, and Planar RGB
- Other still image formats: PNG, TIFF, and TGA
- Cached information from streams: QTCH
QuickTime file format
The QuickTime (.mov) file format functions as a multimedia container file that contains one or more tracks, each of which stores a particular type of data: audio, video, effects, or text (e.g. for subtitles). Each track either contains a digitally-encoded media stream (using a specific codec) or a data reference to the media stream located in another file. Tracks are maintained in a hierarchical data structure consisting of objects called atoms. An atom can be a parent to other atoms or it can contain media or edit data, but it cannot do both.
The ability to contain abstract data references for the media data, and the separation of the media data from the media offsets and the track edit lists means that QuickTime is particularly suited for editing, as it is capable of importing and editing in place (without data copying). Other later-developed media container formats such as Microsoft's Advanced Systems Format or the open source Ogg and Matroska containers lack this abstraction, and require all media data to be rewritten after editing.
Other file formats that QuickTime supports natively (to varying degrees) include AIFF, WAV, DV, MP3, and MPEG-1. With additional QuickTime Extensions, it can also support Ogg, ASF, FLV, MKV, DivX Media Format, and others.
QuickTime and MPEG-4
On February 11, 1998, the ISO approved the QuickTime file format as the basis of the MPEG-4 file format. The MPEG-4 file format specification was created on the basis of the QuickTime format specification published in 2001. The MP4 ( .mp4 ) file format was published in 2001 as the revision of the MPEG-4 Part 1: Systems specification published in 1999 (ISO/IEC 14496-1:2001). In 2003, the first version of MP4 format was revised and replaced by MPEG-4 Part 14: MP4 file format (ISO/IEC 14496-14:2003). The MP4 file format was generalized into the ISO Base Media File Format ISO/IEC 14496-12:2004, which defines a general structure for time-based media files. It in turn is used as the basis for other multimedia file formats (for example MP4, 3GP, Motion JPEG 2000). A list of all registered extensions for ISO Base Media File Format is published on the official registration authority website www.mp4ra.org. This registration authority for code-points in "MP4 Family" files is Apple Computer Inc. and it is named in Annex D (informative) in MPEG-4 Part 12.
By 2000, MPEG-4 formats became an industry standards, first appearing with support in QuickTime 6 in 2002. Accordingly, the MPEG-4 container is designed to capture, edit, archive, and distribute media, unlike the simple file-as-stream approach of MPEG-1 and MPEG-2.
Profile support
QuickTime 6 added limited support for MPEG-4; specifically encoding and decoding using Simple Profile (SP). Advanced Simple Profile (ASP) features, like B-frames, were unsupported (in contrast with, for example, encoders such as XviD or 3ivx). QuickTime 7 supports the H.264 encoder and decoder.
Container benefits
Because both the MOV and MP4 containers can use the same MPEG-4 codecs, they are mostly interchangeable in a QuickTime-only environment. However, MP4, being an international standard, has more support. This is especially true on hardware devices, such as the Sony PSP and various DVD players; on the software side, most DirectShow / Video for Windows codec packs include an MP4 parser, but not one for MOV.
In QuickTime Pro's MPEG-4 Export dialog, an option called "Passthrough" allows a clean export to MP4 without affecting the audio or video streams. One recent discrepancy ushered in by QuickTime 7 is that the MOV file format now supports multichannel audio (used, for example, in the high-definition trailers on Apple's site), while QuickTime's support for audio in the MP4 container is limited to stereo. Therefore multichannel audio must be re-encoded during MP4 export.
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