July 7 is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 177 days remaining until the end of the year.
The terms 7th July , July 7th , and 7/7 (pronounced " Seven-seven ") have been widely used in the Western media as a shorthand for the 7 July 2005 bombings on London's transport system. In China, this term is used to denote the Battle of Lugou Bridge started on July 7, 1937, marking the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War.
Events
- 1456 – A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death.
- 1534 – European colonization of the Americas: first known exchange between Europeans and natives of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in New Brunswick.
- 1543 – French troops invade Luxembourg.
- 1575 – Raid of the Redeswire, the last major battle between England and Scotland.
- 1585 – Treaty of Nemours abolishes tolerance to Protestants in France.
- 1777 – American Revolutionary War: Battle of Hubbardton
- 1798 – Quasi-War: the U.S. Congress rescinds treaties with France sparking the "war".
- 1799 – Ranjit Singh's men take up their positions outside Lahore.
- 1807 – Napoleonic Wars: Peace of Tilsit between France, Prussia and Russia ends the Fourth Coalition.
- 1846 – Mexican-American War: American troops occupy Monterey and Yerba Buena, thus beginning the United States conquest of California.
- 1863 – United States begins first military draft; exemptions cost $300.
- 1865 – American Civil War: four conspirators in the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln are hanged.
- 1892 – Katipunan: the Revolutionary Philippine Brotherhood is established leading to the fall of the Spanish Empire in Asia.
- 1898 – President William McKinley signs the Newlands Resolution annexing Hawaii as a territory of the United States.
- 1915 – World War I: end of First Battle of the Isonzo.
- 1915 – A Great Gorge and International Railway trolley with an extreme overload of 157 passengers crashes near Queenston, Ontario, killing 15.
- 1917 – Russian Revolution: Prince Georgy Yevgenyevich Lvov forms Provisional Government in Russia after the deposing of the Tsar Nicholas II.
- 1928 – Sliced bread is sold for the first time by the Chillicothe Baking Company of Chillicothe, Missouri. It is described as “the greatest forward step in the baking industry since bread was wrapped".
- 1930 – Industrialist Henry J. Kaiser begins construction of the Boulder Dam (now known as Hoover Dam).
- 1937 – Sino-Japanese War: Battle of Lugou Bridge – Japanese forces invade Beijing, China.
- 1941 – World War II: U.S. forces land in Iceland to forestall an invasion by Germany.
- 1941 – World War II: Beirut is occupied by Free France and British troops.
- 1946 – Mother Frances Xavier Cabrini becomes the first American to be canonized.
- 1946 – Howard Hughes nearly dies when his XF-11 spy plane prototype crashes in a Beverly Hills neighborhood.
- 1947 – Alleged and disputed Roswell UFO incident.
- 1953 – Che Guevara sets out on a trip through Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, and El Salvador.
- 1956 – Fritz Moravec reaches the peak of Gasherbrum II (8,035 m).
- 1958 – President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs the Alaska Statehood Act into United States law.
- 1959 – 14:28 UT Venus occults the star Regulus. This rare event is used to determine the diameter of Venus and the structure of the Venusian atmosphere.
- 1967 – Beginning of the civil war in Biafra.
- 1969 – In Canada, the Official Languages Act is adopted making the French language equal to the English language throughout the Federal government.
- 1974 – West Germany win the FIFA World Cup, beating Netherlands 2-1 in the Final.
- 1978 – The Solomon Islands become independent from the United Kingdom.
- 1980 – Institution of sharia in Iran.
- 1980 – The Safra massacre in Lebanon.
- 1983 – Cold War: Samantha Smith, a U.S. schoolgirl, flies to the Soviet Union at the invitation of Secretary General Yuri Andropov.
- 1991 – Yugoslav Wars: the Brioni Agreement ends the ten-day independence war in Slovenia against the rest of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
- 2002 – A scandal breaks out in the United Kingdom when news reports accuse MI6 of sheltering Abu Qatada, the supposed European Al Qaeda leader.
- 2003 – The United Communist Party of Armenia is formed.
- 2005 – A series of four explosions occurs on London's transport system killing 56 people, including four alleged suicide bombers and injuring over 700 others.
- 2005 – Influenced by Live 8, the G8 leaders pledge to double 2004 levels of aid to Africa from US$25 to US$50 billion by the year 2010.
- 2006 – The Western Black Rhinoceros is declared extinct due to poaching.
Births
- 1053 – Emperor Shirakawa of Japan (d. 1129)
- 1119 – Emperor Sutoku of Japan (d. 1164)
- 1207 – Elisabeth of Hungary (d. 1231)
- 1528 – Anna of Austria, Duchess of Bavaria, daughter of Ferdinand I (d. 1590)
- 1586 – Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel, English statesman (d. 1646)
- 1656 – Guru Har Krishan, 8th Guru of Sikhism (d. 1664)
- 1746 – Giuseppe Piazzi, Italian astronomer (d. 1826)
- 1752 – Joseph-Marie Jacquard, French inventor (d. 1834)
- 1766 – Guillaume Philibert Duhesme, French general (d. 1815)
- 1843 – Camillo Golgi, Italian physician and Nobel laureate (d. 1926)
- 1848 – Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves, Brazilian politician (d. 1919)
- 1851 – Charles Tindley, American gospel music composer (d. 1933)
- 1855 – Ludwig Ganghofer, German writer (d. 1920)
- 1860 – Gustav Mahler, Austrian composer (d. 1911)
- 1874 – Erwin Bumke, German jurist (d. 1945)
- 1884 – Lion Feuchtwanger, German dramatist (d. 1958)
- 1887 – Marc Chagall, Russian painter (d. 1985)
- 1891 – Virginia Rappe, Silent Film Actress (d. 1921)
- 1893 – Miroslav Krleža, Croatian writer (d. 1981)
- 1899 – George Cukor, American director (d. 1983)
- 1900 – Earle E. Partridge, United States Air Force general (d. 1990)
- 1901 – Vittorio De Sica, Italian director (d. 1974)
- 1901 – Sam Katzman, American film producer (d. 1973)
- 1901 – Eiji Tsuburaya, Japanese film producer (d. 1970)
- 1902 – Ted "Double Duty" Radcliffe, American baseball player (d. 2005)
- 1904 – Simone Beck, French chef (d. 1991)
- 1906 – William Feller, Croatian mathematician (d. 1970)
- 1906 – Satchel Paige, American baseball player (d. 1982)
- 1906 – Anton Karas, Viennese musician (d. 1985)
- 1906 – Anna Marie Hahn, German-born American serial killer (d. 1938)
- 1907 – Robert A. Heinlein, American writer (d. 1988)
- 1908 – Revilo P. Oliver, American professor (d. 1994)
- 1911 – Gian Carlo Menotti, Italian-born composer (d. 2007)
- 1913 – Pinetop Perkins, American blues musician
- 1915 – Margaret Abigail Walker Alexander, African-American novelist and poet(d. 1998)
- 1917 – Fidel Sánchez Hernández, Salvadoran politician (d. 2003)
- 1919 – Jon Pertwee, British actor (d. 1996)
- 1921 – Adolf von Thadden, German politician (d. 1996)
- 1920 – Bhaktaraj Maharaj, Indian Saint (d. 1995)
- 1921 – Ezzard Charles, American boxer (d. 1975)
- 1922 – Pierre Cardin, French fashion designer
- 1924 – Mary Ford, American singer (d. 1977)
- 1925 – Wally Phillips, American radio personality (d. 2008)
- 1927 – Doc Severinsen, American composer and musician
- 1927 – Charlie Louvin, American country musician
- 1929 – Hasan Abidi, Pakistani journalist and poet (d. 2005)
- 1930 – Henry (Hank) Mobley, American Jazz composer and saxophonist (d. 1986)
- 1931 – David Eddings, American fantasy author (d. 2009)
- 1932 – Josef Zawinul, Austrian composer and musician (d. 2007)
- 1933 – Murray Halberg, New Zealand runner
- 1933 – David McCullough, American historian and author
- 1933 – Bruce Wells, British boxer & actor
- 1936 – Nikos Xilouris, Greek singer (d. 1980)
- 1936 – Jo Siffert, Swiss race car driver (d. 1971)
- 1937 – Tung Chee-Hwa, Hong Kong administrator
- 1940 – Ringo Starr, English drummer and singer (The Beatles)
- 1941 – Michael Howard, British politician
- 1941 – Bill Oddie, English comedian and ornithologist
- 1942 – Carmen Duncan, Australian actress
- 1943 – Toto Cutugno, Italian singer
- 1943 – Joel Siegel, American film critic (d. 2007)
- 1945 – Michael Ancram, British politician
- 1945 – Matti Salminen, Finnish opera singer
- 1946 – Joe Spano, American actor
- 1947 – Felix Standaert, Belgian diplomat
- 1947 – Howard Rheingold, American author
- 1947 – Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev, King of Nepal
- 1947 – Rob Townsend, English drummer (Family)
- 1947 – Víctor Manuel, Spanish songwriter and singer
- 1948 – Jean Leclerc, French-Canadian actor
- 1949 – Shelley Duvall, American actress
- 1952 – Mando Guerrero, Mexican professional wrestler
- 1954 – Rami Fortis, Influential Israeli rock singer
- 1955 – Len Barker, American baseball player
- 1957 – Jonathan Dayton,
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