Mexico State or State of Mexico (often abbreviated to " Edomex ", from Estado de México in Spanish) is a state in the center of the country of Mexico. The state's capital is the city of Toluca.
The Pre-Columbian ruins of the city of Teotihuacan are located in the State of Mexico.
Geography
The State of Mexico is located in the central part of the Mexican Republic between 18’ 21’ 29’’ and 20’ 17’ 20’’ north, and 98’35’50’’ and 100’36’3" west, with an altitude that varies from 1,330 meters above sea level to 2,800. The state has a surface of 22,499.95 km 2 (8,687.28 sq mi), which represents 1.1% of Mexican territory.
Political geography
Borders
Mexico State is bounded to the north by Hidalgo and Querétaro, to the east by Tlaxcala and Puebla, to the south by Morelos and Guerrero, and to the west by Michoacán. It surrounds to the east, north and west of the Mexican Federal District and capital Mexico City and has an area of 1,479 km 2 (571 sq mi), which is not in the state of Mexico, but borders it to the west, north and east of the District.
Political division
It consists of 121 municipalities, grouped into 8 counties:
- Atlacomulco, which has 9 municipalities.
- Coatepec Harinas, which has 12 municipalities.
- Jilotepec, which has 7 municipalities.
- Tejupilco, which has 5 municipalities.
- Texcoco, which has 25 municipalities.
- Toluca, which has 24 municipalities.
- Valle de Bravo, which has 9 municipalities.
- Zumpango, which has 30 municipalities.
Natural geography
Features
Its total surface is 22,499.8 square kilometres (8,687.2 sq mi). It is used for agriculture, forest and livestock. 14% of the territory is urban, water and industrial zones.
Biospheres
The state is characterized by large plains divided by mountain ranges. To the north is a dry region called "Los Llanos", with vegetation such as mezquites and paddle cactus. In this region there are oak trees and holm oak like in Cuzdha and El Rosal in the municipality of San Miguel Calpulalpan. Toluca and Lerma are in the central valleys, where industrial parks are the source of income. In the surrounding hills, the vegetation consists of pines and oaks. There are white cedars at the National Park of Bancheves. Ocotes, that are aromatic resins, are very common in El Oro, a municipality located in the north-east part of the state. In the central valley are industries and cultivated lands. In the lower, warm elevations to the south, the vegetation is tropical. Here are found guajes (fruits of climber), papelillos (trees whose crust is withdrawed by itself), acacias, palo de Brasil (red tree), guacima (small tree with rounded crown) and amate(tree whose bark is used to paint or write).
Mountains and valleys
The state is divided into two unequal parts: the cross-sectional volcanic axis, which is formed by peaks, the Mountain Range of Querétaro and Hidalgo, and the Sierra Madre del Sur, which is formed by the depression of the Balsas River, in addition to valleys which begin in Guerrero. Inside this system are included the Sierra de Ajusco and Montes de las Cruces, which form a wooded ridge across it from east to west, with a general elevation of about 3000 meters above sea-level. These ranges are part of a broken irregular chain which sometimes bears the name of Anahuac.
The most important summits are the "Sierra Nevada", the "Sierra de las Cruces", "Nevado de Toluca" and the significant valleys are Toluca-Lerma and Cuautitlán- Texcoco.
Lakes and rivers
A considerable part of the northern plateau consists of a broad plain, once the bed of a great lake but now covered with swamps, sodden meadows and lakes. The surrounding country drains into this depression, but an artificial diversion of this water has been created by the opening of the Tequixquiac tunnel. The plateau drains westward to the Pacific Ocean via the Lerma River which has a surface of 6,147.49 km 2 (2,373.56 sq mi), and north-east to the Gulf of South of the Sierra de Ajusco. The state is roughly mountainous and drains to the Pacific through tributaries of the Balsas River that has 8,372.14 km 2 (3,232.50 sq mi). It drains to the Gulf of Mexico through the San Juan and Panuco river that has a surface of 7,980.3 km 2 (3,081.2 sq mi).
Within the depression of the north are the lakes of Zumpango, San Cristobal, Xaltocan, Chalco, Xochimilco and Texcoco, the latter three lying partly or wholly in the Federal District.
Weather
The most common climates in Mexico State are tempering-humid and tempering sub-humid. 60% of the State has these type of climates. In the highest mountains, the weather is cold.
The annual average temperature in the south-east is about 20 °C (68 °F), and in the north is about 13 °C (55 °F). The annual rainfall is between 600 and 1800 mm. The weather can variate a lot from one season to another. In the summer, it is very warm but during winter, the temperature can be lower than 0 °C (32 °F). It can snow in Mexico.
History
Pre-Hispanic
In the Pre-Hispanic period codices were very important. There were several Aztec codices about history, religion, tributes administration, cartography (maps) from the 16th century. The pre-Columbian codices differ from European codices in that they are largely pictorial; they were not meant to symbolize spoken or written narratives. The colonial era codices not only contain Aztec pictographs, but also Classical Nahuatl (in the Latin alphabet), Spanish, and occasionally Latin. Examples of these Aztec codices include:as Tlacotepec, Xilotepec codex, Tezcoco-Acampan codex.
Mexico State is part of a cultural area called Valle de México or Valley of Mexico, characterized by homogeneous cultural elements despite the presence of multiple linguistic groups.
Different ethnic groups including the Otomi, Mazahua, Matlatzinca and Chichimeca have made the State of Mexico their home.
At the end of the classic period the region was dominated by the Tepanecas who live in the Azcapotzalco region, the otomies that create the kingdom of Xaltocan, the acolhuas that live in Coatlichan and a new tribe call the Mexicas who end being the dominant power of the region. (The mexicas was original name it Aztecs that means people form Aztlan, the mythical city in the north from who in their tradition they begin his journey, as they travel to the south they change their name to mexicas or mexitin, see Aztecs).
With the dead of Tezozomoc from Azcapotzalco his son Maxtla, king of Coyoacán, assume the power of the region. Maxtla try to submit the mexicas into his direct control. The mexicas forge an alliance with the tetzcocanos, another group submitted by Tezozomoc. Their combine forces defeated the tepanecas.
Some of the more important emperors settled in the Valley of Mexico were Tezozomoc, Tlalmanalco, Opochihuacan and Xaltocan.
Colonial period
The first incursions of Spaniards to the State of Mexico were led by Andrés de Tapia who destroyed the population of Malinalco in 1521. Later, Gonzálo de Sandoval arrived in Toluca Valley and defeated the Matlazincas who were allied with the Aztecs. After the fall of the Aztec empire, some mazahuas were taken to rebuild Mexico City. Evangelization began in 1523 in Texcoco by Brother Pedro de Gante, who funded the Padua School. In 1524, the first religious order formed by the Franciscans came.
When Hernán Cortés arrived, the conditions of the political situation were on his side. The heirs of the Texcoco crown were having a conflict. Cortés took advantage of and conquered what is now the State of Mexico. The Colonial period was when the original inhabitants formed a new world. They established new values, structures and created what now is known as the State of Mexico. This period began with the creation of small villages, territory delimitation, and the most important characteristic: the establishment of the original authority. Since this period, religion has been a very important of Mexican culture. The influence of the Dominicans and Augustinians was as important as that of the Franciscans" left. Education was well organized until "Jesus Company" arrived. In the 17th century, the native communities’ culture started to fall apart.
In 1799, the town of Toluca was declared a city by Carlos IV.
In this period Mexico State was too big (107,619 square kilometers). The "Congreso de la Union" decided to take Querétaro, D.F., Guerrero, Tlalpan, Hidalgo, Morelos and Calpulalpan( Total: 86,466 square kilometers) from it. Also the capital D.F. was taken because the "Congreso de la Union" said that the capital must not be part of one state.
Independence of Mexico (1810-1821)
At the beginning of the independence movement in 1810, Miguel Hidalgo visited Mexico City. On his way there, he passed through many towns of Toluca, gathering supporters among the people of Toluca. On October 24, 1810, Hidalgo fought against Agustin de Iturbide and won. On October 28, Hidalgo entered Toluca with his army and put th
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