The European Union has unified visa policy as part of the Schengen acquis. Ireland and the United Kingdom do not participate in this policy (they opt-in only to certain provisions relating to police and judicial cooperation), and thus maintain independent immigration policies with respect to non-EU states. Bulgaria, Cyprus and Romania are not yet part of Schengen Area, but maintain the same immigration policies as required by Schengen.
Visa requirements for Schengen member countries
The European Council has two lists:
- negative visa list of countries (annex I of the Council regulation, also known as Black Schengen List) from whose citizens a visa is required to enter the territory of the EU member states
- positive visa list of countries (annex II, also known as White Schengen List) from whose citizens no visa is required to enter the territory of the EU member states for a period of maximum 90 days.
Annex I countries
- All countries and territories not mentioned below.
- Additional annex I citizens:
- British Overseas Territories citizens (BOTC) who do not have the right of abode in the UK
- British Overseas citizens (residual category British nationals)
- current British subjects who do not have the right of abode in the UK (residual category British nationals)
- British protected persons (residual category British nationals)
- Current annex I countries that were formerly included in annex II are Ecuador (1998 - 2003) and Bolivia (1998 - 2006).
Annex II countries
- All countries and territories that are members of the Schengen acquis, of the EU or of EFTA.
Additionally:
Territories of annex I/II states that fall into different category
- Northern Mariana Islands - annex I in contrast to the United States that is annex II.
- Hong Kong - annex II in contrast to the PR China that is annex I
- Macau - annex II in contrast to the PR China that is annex I
Countries, territories or passports missing from both annex I and II lists
- Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic - most probably it is practically annex I like all African states (including Morocco, which administrates most of the territory) and all entities, not recognised as independent states by the EU.
- Sovereign Military Order of Malta - most probably it is practically annex II
- Kosovo under United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1244/99 - to be designated annex I
- Kosovo citizens with Serbian passports issued by the Serbian Coordination Directorate - de facto annex I along with non-biometric Serbian passports that are also not covered by the exemption from visa requirement as of December 19, 2009.
EU legislation is underway to exempt citizens with biometric passports of Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia (excluding passports issued to those residing in Kosovo) from the visa requirement. This provision is scheduled to be implemented from December 19, 2009.
Starting April 5, 2010, common visa requirements for the airport transit will be introduced. Citizens of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, DR Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Iran, Iraq, Nigeria, Pakistan, Somalia and Sri Lanka will then need a visa even for airport transit.
Reciprocity
Reciprocity is sought for all countries of the visa-free list. That means that the EU expects that these countries offer visa-free access to all EU citizens and to the citizens of Iceland and Norway. When the situation is the opposite the affected Schengen member state is expected to notify the European Commission, so that the EC takes an appropriate action - negotiate with the annex II state or remove it from the annex II list. All of the states that implement the Schengen visa rules (including Norway, Iceland, Bulgaria, Romania and Cyprus) with the exception of Switzerland have notified the European Commission about non-compliant third states. Switzerland has so far made no notifications, but this could be because there are no reciprocity issues for Swiss citizens.
Since adoption of this policy full reciprocity has been achieved with the following countries (listed in order of achieving reciprocity): Nicaragua, Venezuela, Uruguay, Costa Rica, Mexico, New Zealand, Israel, Malaysia, Paraguay, Panama, Singapore.
According to the most recent fifth report on visa reciprocity issued on October 19, 2009 the following countries are still not implementing it fully: Australia, Brunei, Brazil, Canada, Japan, and the United States. An important setback to the visa reciprocity policy was dealt on July 13, 2009, when Canada reintroduced visas for Czech citizens.
Visa requirements for Ireland and the United Kingdom
A Common Travel Area exists between the United Kingdom and Ireland, no passport controls are done on the land border between the two countries. While a UK visa will not allow a traveller entry to Ireland, nor will an Irish visa allow entry to the UK, in practice use of the land border will avoid this restriction.
United Kingdom visa requirements
In July 2008, the UK announced the results of its first global review of those needs a visa to come to the UK against a set of strict criteria to determine the level of risk they pose to the UK in terms of illegal immigration, crime and security. The review would determine whether the nationals of 11 countries would require visas by the end of 2008, unless the countries in question take measures to reduce the perceived risk they pose to the UK. The new visa rules announced on 9 January 2009 require that the nationals of South Africa, Swaziland, Lesotho and Bolivia to obtain a visa; only Venezuelan nationals traveling on electronic passports issued since 2007 may enter the UK without a visa; and the existing visa-free status for the nationals of Botswana, Brazil, Malaysia, Mauritius, Namibia and Trinidad and Tobago is maintained.
- Citizens of the following countries can enter the United Kingdom (which is not a member of the Schengen Agreement) without a visa:
- All countries and territories that are members of the Schengen acquis, of the EU and of EFTA
- Additionally:
- Types of British Nationals who are not entitled to right of abode in the United Kingdom of the categories:
- British Overseas Territories Citizens
- British National (Overseas)
- British Overseas Citizen
- British Protected Person
- British Subject
- Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (SAR) entities are not mentioned in the required visa list. Despite a sub-national entity of People's Republic of China, these territories have separate immigration agreements and enjoy visa-free entry to the UK. Different regulations may apply for other countries.
- Hong Kong
- Macau
- List of nationals who do need a visa is available at UK Border Agency website.
- The following entity status is unknown
- Western Sahara most likely require a visa similar to Morocco, which administrates most of the territory, but it is not included in the "require visa" list. Western Sahara is not recognised as an entity in the visa list, unlike Taiwan and the Palestinian Authority which are explicitly listed.
Ireland visa requirements
Citizens of the following countries can enter Ireland (which is not a member of the Schengen Agreement) without a v
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