Linux (commonly pronounced /ˈlɪnʌks/ , -nuks in English, also pronounced /ˈlɪnʊks/ ) is a generic term referring to Unix-like computer operating systems based on the Linux kernel. Their development is one of the most prominent examples of free and open source software collaboration; typically all the underlying source code can be used, freely modified, and redistributed, both commercially and non-commercially, by anyone under licenses such as the GNU GPL.
Linux is predominantly known for its use in servers, although can be installed on a wide variety of computer hardware, ranging from embedded devices, mobile phones and even some watches to supercomputers. Linux distributions, installed on both desktop and laptop computers, have become increasingly commonplace in recent years, partly owing to the popular Ubuntu distribution and the emergence of netbooks.
The name "Linux" comes from the Linux kernel, originally written in 1991 by Linus Torvalds. The rest of the system usually comprises components such as the Apache HTTP Server, the X Window System, the GNOME and KDE desktop environments, and utilities and libraries from the GNU Project (announced in 1983 by Richard Stallman). Commonly-used applications with desktop Linux systems include the Mozilla Firefox web-browser and the OpenOffice.org office application suite. The GNU contribution is the basis for the Free Software Foundation's preferred name GNU/Linux .
History
- Comparison of Linux distributions
- Comparison of Windows and Linux
- Comparison of open source and closed source
- evdev
- Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software
- Linux Documentation Project
- Linux Standard Base
- List of Linux distributions
- List of Linux kernel names
- Plan 9 from Bell Labs
- The Cathedral and the Bazaar
References
- ^ Linux Online (2008). "Linux Logos and Mascots" . http://www.linux.org/info/logos.html . Retrieved 2009-08-11 .
- ^ Linus Torvalds (12 October 2009). "Linux 2.6.31.4". linux-kernel mailing list . http://lkml.org/lkml/2009/10/12/636 . Retrieved 13 October 2009 .
- ^ Linus Torvalds (19 November 2009). "Linux 2.6.32-rc8". linux-kernel mailing list . http://lkml.org/lkml/2009/11/19/395 . Retrieved 25 November 2009 .
- ^ "Debian GNU/Linux Licenses – Ohloh". ohloh.net . https://www.ohloh.net/p/debian/analyses/latest . Retrieved 2009-03-27 .
- ^ Safalra (2007-04-14). "Pronunciation of ‘Linux’". Safalra’s Website . http://safalra.com/science/linguistics/linux-pronunciation/ . Retrieved 2009-09-15 .
- ^ Free On-Line Dictionary of Computing (June 2006). "Linux" . http://foldoc.org/linux . Retrieved 2009-09-15 .
- ^ Torvalds used /ˈlɪnʊks/ in English.
(23 April 1992). " Re: How to pronounce "Linux"? ". (Google Groups). Retrieved on 2007-01-09.
Torvalds has made available an audio sample with his pronunciation in English ( /ˈlɪnʊks/ : "How to pronounce Linux?" . http://web.archive.org/web/20080113123140/http://www.paul.sladen.org/pronunciation/ . Retrieved 2006-12-17 . ) and in Swedish ( /ˈlɪːnɤks/ : "Linus pronouncing Linux in English and Swedish" . http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/SillySounds/ . Retrieved 2007-01-20 .- ^ IBM (October 2001). "Linux Watch" . http://www.trl.ibm.com/projects/ngm/wp10_e.htm . Retrieved 2009-09-29 .
- ^ Lyons, Daniel. "Linux rules supercomputers" . http://www.forbes.com/home/enterprisetech/2005/03/15/cz_dl_0315linux.html . Retrieved 2007-02-22 .
- ^ The Economist (December 2007). "Technology in 2008" . http://www.economist.com/science/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10410912 . Retrieved 2008-04-01 (publicly available Dec 2007 – May 2009, rendered members only in May 2009, quoted at National Capital FreeNet .
- ^ The Economist (December 2008). "Small is beautiful" . http://www.economist.com/science/tq/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12673233 . Retrieved 2008-12-21 .
- ^ Weeks, Alex (2004). "1.1". Linux System Administrator's Guide (version 0.9 ed.) . http://www.tldp.org/LDP/sag/html/sag.html#GNU-OR-NOT . Retrieved 2007-01-18 . ...
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