Peterson Oil Pump

An oil filter is a filter to remove contaminants from engine oil, transmission oil, lubricating oil, or hydraulic oil. Oil filters are used in many different types of hydraulic machinery. A chief use of the oil filter is in internal-combustion engines in on- and off-road motor vehicles, light aircraft, and various naval vessels. Other vehicle hydraulic systems, such as those in automatic transmissions and power steering, are often equipped with an oil filter. Gas turbine engines, such as those on jet aircraft, require the use of oil filters. And oil production, transport, and recycling facilities employ filters.

Bypass and full-flow

Early automobile engines did not use oil filters. For this reason, along with the generally low quality of oil available, very frequent oil changes were required. The first oil filters were simple, generally consisting of a screen placed at the oil pump intake. In 1923, American inventors Ernest Sweetland and George H. Greenhalgh devised an automotive oil filter and called it the Purolator , a portmanteau of "pure oil later". This was a bypass filter : most of the oil flowed directly from the oil pan to the engine's working parts, and a smaller proportion of the oil was sent through the filter via a second flow path in parallel with the first. The oil was thus filtered over time. Modern bypass oil filter systems for diesel engines are becoming popular in consumer applications, but have been in commercial use for some time due to potential reduction in maintenance costs.

Twenty years later, the first full-flow oil filtration system was introduced, in which all of the oil flows through the filter before reaching the engine's working parts. All of the oil is cleaned on its every circuit through the engine. However, the need to maintain adequate oil volume and pressure with a filter that will fit within the engine's packaging constraints limits the particle size down to which a full-flow filter can be effective. In some installations, a primary full-flow filter is accompanied by a secondary bypass filter, with the latter filtering particles too small for the primary. This dual-filter design can increase the time between subsequent servicing of the lubrication system.

Valves

Most pressurized lubrication systems incorporate an overpressure relief valve to allow oil to bypass the filter if its flow restriction is excessive, to protect the engine from oil starvation. Filter bypass may occur if the filter is clogged or the oil is thickened by cold weather. The overpressure relief valve is frequently incorporated into the oil filter. Filters mounted such that oil tends to drain from them usually incorporate an anti-drainback valve to hold oil in the filter after the engine (or other lubrication system) is shut down. This is done to avoid a delay in oil pressure buildup once the system is restarted; without an anti-drainback valve, pressurized oil would have to fill the filter before travelling onward to the engine's working parts. This situation would cause rapid wear of moving parts due to lack of oil in the meantime.

Types of oil filter

Mechanical

Mechanical designs employ an element made of pleated filter media to entrap and sequester suspended contaminants. As material builds up on the filtration media, oil flow is progressively restricted. This requires periodic replacement of the filter element (or the entire filter, if the element is not separately replaceable

Cartridge and spin-on

Early engine oil filters were of cartridge (or replaceable element ) construction, in which a permanent housing contains a replaceable filter element or cartridge. The housing is mounted either directly on the engine or remotely with supply and return pipes connecting it to the engine. In the mid-1950s, the spin-on oil filter design was introduced: a self-contained housing and element assembly which was to be unscrewed from its mount, discarded, and replaced with a new one. This made filter changes more convenient and potentially less messy, and quickly came to be the dominant type of oil filter installed by the world's automakers. Conversion kits were offered for vehicles originally equipped with cartridge-type filters. In the 1990s, European and Asian automakers in particular began to shift back in favor of replaceable-element filter construction, because it generates less waste with each filter change. American automakers have likewise begun to shift to replaceable-cartridge filters, and retrofit kits to convert from spin-on to cartridge-type filters are offered for popular applications. Commercially available automotive oil filters vary in their design, materials, and construction details. These variables affect the efficacy, durability, and cost of the filter.

Magnetic

Magnetic filters use a permanent magnet or an electromagnet to capture ferromagnetic particles. An advantage of magnetic filtration is that maintaining the filter simply requires cleaning the particles from the surface of the magnet. Automatic transmissions in vehicles frequently have a magnet in the fluid pan to sequester magnetic particles and prolong the life of the media-type fluid filter.

Sedimentation

A sedimentation or gravity bed filter allows contaminants heavier than oil to settle to the bottom of a container under the influence of gravity.

Centrifugal

A centrifugal oil cleaner is a rotary sedimentation device using centrifugal force rather than gravity to separate contaminants from the oil, in the same manner as any other centrifuge. Pressurized oil enters the center of the housing and passes into a drum rotor free to spin on a bearing and seal. The rotor has two jet nozzles arranged to direct a stream of oil at the inner housing to rotate the drum. The oil then slides to the bottom of the housing wall, leaving particulate oil contaminants stuck to the housing walls. The housing must periodically be cleaned, or the particles will accumulate to such a thickness as to stop the drum rotating. In this condition, unfiltered oil will be recirculated.

See also

• Air filter
• Fuel filter
• Oil-filter wrench

References

1. ^ Fleet Maintenance magazine on Purolator history
2. ^ Oil Bypass Filter Technology Performance Evaluation - 1st Qtr 2003 - DoE FreedomCAR
3. ^ Oil Bypass Filter Technology Performance Evaluation - 4th Qtr 2003 - DoE FreedomCAR
4. ^ Evaluation of HE Oil Filters in the State Fleet - California EPA
5. ^ ^{a b} Rosen (Ed.), Erwin M. (1975). The Peterson automotive troubleshooting & repair manual . Grosset & Dunlap, Inc.. ISBN 978-0448119465.  
6. ^ Coming Clean with Filters
7. ^ Oil filter retrofit kits introduced
8. ^ Dissective oil filter analysis

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