High school is the name used in some parts of the world, particularly in Scotland, Northern America and Oceania, to describe an institution that provides all or part of secondary education. The actual term "high school" originated in Scotland with the world's oldest being the Royal High School (Edinburgh) in 1505, and spread to the New World countries as the high prestige that the Scottish educational system had at the time led several countries to employ Scottish educators to develop their state education systems.
The Royal High School was used as a model for the first public high school in the United States, the English High School founded in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1821. The precise stage of schooling provided by a high school differs from country to country, and may vary within the same jurisdiction. In all of New Zealand and Malaysia along with parts of Australia and Canada, high school is synonymous with secondary school, and encompasses the entire secondary stage of education.
Usage by country
Australia
In Australia, the term "High School" refers to Secondary School near exclusively. Yr 7 - 12. Although this can vary from state to state, some Secondary Schools starting at Yr 8 instead. Students have the choice to drop out at Year 10, or continue through Year 11-12. The School Certificate takes place at Year 10, the Higher School Certificate at Year 12. High schools are split into the "Junior" years (7-10) and the "Senior" years (11-12).
Brazil
In Brazil the term "High School" (also referred to as "Secondary school" and "Ensino Médio") refers generally to schools in grades ten through twelve.
The most common subjects taught in Brazilians high schools are: Physics, Chemistry,Biology, Math, History, Geography, Portuguese, English, Spanish, Literature, Sociology, Philosophy, Physical Education, Writing.
High school in Brazil is aimed to prepare students for the entrace process to college or university (private or public) called "Vestibular." Every year, students are evaluated by ENEM - Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (High School National Exam), the grade obtained in this exam is often used as a part of Vestibular process. The Federal Government of Brasil offers full (100%) or partial (50%) scholarship in private Universities for students well graded in ENEM egressed from public high school in the program called PROUNI - Programa Universidade para Todos (University to All Program).
Canada
In Canada the term "High School" (also designated as "Secondary school" or "Collegiate institute") refers generally to schools comprising grades nine through twelve. Although each province has its own system, some provinces have Junior High, while others have post-eleventh grade public schools, also known as Senior High or Vocational school/Institute. Almost all high schools schedule classes running from early September to late May or early June with a two month summer break.
Most Canadian students are required to continue their education until at least age eighteen. After graduating from high school, students can continue their education at College (CEGEP in Quebec) or University, or join the workforce.
Canadian high schools offer many extracurricular activities, mainly sports. The most popular sports in Canadian high schools are hockey, football, baseball, soccer, basketball, track and field athletics, and cheerleading. Senior prom is a very popular activity amongst graduating students.
England and Wales
Main article: Education in EnglandDespite the term "high school" being created in UK (Scotland), in England or Wales its usage varies:
- In Leicestershire, the label "high school" applies to a small group of middle schools, which accept pupils between the ages of 10 and 14, before moving on to their final stage of secondary education.
- In Liverpool and its surrounding area secondary schools are named high schools (e.g., Broadgreen International School)
- Most secondary schools in Manchester are named high schools (see list of secondary schools in Manchester)
- Most secondary schools in Cardiff are named high schools.
- In Herefordshire, many state secondary schools name themselves high schools.
- In Kent and other English counties which still retain their grammar schools, their non-selective comprehensive schools are often called high schools.
- The Isle of Wight retains a three-tier schooling system. Its five state-run 'High Schools' are so named to differentiate them from secondary schools, which have a different age range.
- In Northumberland and some areas in Suffolk, Somerset, Staffordshire and Worcestershire there still exists a three-tier education system comprising of First, Middle and High school. High Schools within Northumberland and Suffolk cater to pupils from Year Nine to Sixth Form (ages 13 to 18). There is currently a fairly high-profile campaign within Northumberland to save the three-tier system as it has been proposed to abolish it and adopt the standard Primary and Secondary school system as in the rest of England.
Germany
Main article: Education in GermanyIn Germany, the term "high school" generally applies to the "Gymnasiums" and Gesamtschulen . German law considers students from grades 5 through 9 junior high school students (German: "Unterstufler") and those from grade 10 through 12 high school students (German: "Oberstufler"). It is in discussion in German whether 9th graders can be called freshmen and 10th graders sophomores since there is such controversial law making 9 graders junior high school students.
A famous example of a school resolving this issue was the Gymnasium Querfurt which traditionally divides the junior high school students from the high school students with classes in two buildings. The school administration decided in summer 2009 that 9th graders shall join the upper graders, and 9th graders are now freshmen.
India
Main article: Education in IndiaIn India, high school is a grade of education which includes Standards IX to XII. Standards XI and XII are also called Senior Secondary School or Junior college. Some states refer to Standards IX and X as High School, while XI and XII are termed as Intermediate. Other states refer to VI, VII, VIII, IX and X (grades 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10) as Secondary school and XI and XII (grades 11 and 12) as Senior Secondary School. Usually, students from ages 14 to 18 study in this section. These schools may be affiliated to national boards like Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) or Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) or various state boards.
Indonesia
Main article: Education in IndonesiaIn Indonesia, high school is divided into two parts, the junior high school, known locally as Sekolah Menengah Pertama or abbreviated by SMP, and the other part which is senior high school, known locally as Sekolah Menengah Atas and in other terms, Sekolah Menengah Umum which abbreviated as SMA and SMU. There is also one institution similar to SMA, but they were focusing on one specific career major which is known as Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan or SMK. Unfortunately, citizens of Indonesia currently looking down of SMK graduates and they were not preferable to be attended by students. Junior high is a must for all citizens of Indonesia while Senior high is not a must as Indonesia currently applying nine years of study to all citizens. It is managed by the Department of Education in Indonesia and stated in the Indonesia constitution where every citizens have the right to study. Graduate students from SMP and SMA or SMU and also SMK are achieving different educational certificate. All students of Indonesian high school must passed in the National Examination held by BSNP (Badan Standarisasi Nasional Pendidikan), an organization under the Department of Education of Indonesia.
Iran
Main article: Education in IranIn Iran, "High school" known in Persian as "Dabirestan". which is for 3 years, after the Secondary school (Rahnamai) and before the University-preparatory school (Pishdaneshgahi). After the first year of highschool, the student should chose his general branch (one of these: Mathematics and Physics, Experimental sciences, Human sciences and Art).
Israel
Main article: Education in IsraelIn Israel, high school or Tichon (intermediary school, in Hebrew) is a three-year school period, from the 10th to the 12th grade, yet most pupils in Israel attend high school. High school prepares the pupil to the Bagrut examination, which is obligatory in order to continue to higher education institution and in order to be accepted for most jobs.
Japan
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In some instances where a school also has a vocational education branch, the high school diploma and certificate of completion (Voc-Tech program) are presented together.