The Tibetan word Bardo means literally "intermediate state" - also translated as "transitional state" or "in-between state" or "liminal state". In Sanskrit the concept has the name antarabhāva .
Fremantle (2001) states that there are six traditional bardo states known as the Six Bardos: the Bardo of This Life (p.55); the Bardo of Meditation (p.58); the Bardo of Dream (p.62); the Bardo of Dying (p.64); the Bardo of Dharmata (p.65); and the Bardo of Existence (p.66).
Shugchang, et al. (2000: p.5) discuss the Zhitro (Tibetan: Zhi-khro) teachings which subsume the Bardo Thodol and mention Karma Lingpa, terma and Padmasambhava and list the Six Bardo:
In the terma discovered by Karma Lingpa, Guru Padmasambhava introduces six different bardos. The first bardo begins when we take birth and endures as long as we live. The second is the bardo of dreams. The third is the bardo of concentration or meditation. The fourth occurs at the moment of death. The fifth is known as the bardo of the luminosity of the true nature. The sixth is called the bardo of transmigration or karmic becoming.
Six Bardos
- Shinay bardo (Tibetan): is the first bardo of birth and life. This bardo commences from conception until the last breath, when the mindstream withdraws from the body.
- Milam bardo (Tibetan): is the second bardo of the dream state. The Milam Bardo is a subset of the first Bardo. Dream Yoga develops practices to integrate the dream state into Buddhist sadhana.
- Samten bardo (Tibetan) is the third bardo of meditation. This bardo is generally only experienced by meditators, though individuals may have spontaneous experience of it. Samten Bardo is a subset of the Shinay Bardo.
- Chikkhai bardo (Tibetan): is the fourth bardo of the moment of death. According to tradition, this bardo is held to commence when the outer and inner signs presage that the onset of death is nigh, and continues through the dissolution or transmutation of the Mahabhuta until the external and internal breath has completed.
- Chönyid bardo (Tibetan): is the fifth bardo of the luminosity of the true nature which commences after the final 'inner breath' (Sanskrit: prana , vayu; Tibetan: rlung ). It is within this Bardo that visions and auditory phenomena occur. In the Dzogchen teachings, these are known as the spontaneously manifesting Thödgal (Tibetan: thod-rgyal ) visions. Concomitant to these visions, there is a welling of profound peace and pristine awareness. Sentient beings who have not practiced during their lived experience and/or who do not recognize the clear light (Tibetan: od gsal ) at the moment of death are usually deluded throughout the fifth bardo of luminosity.
- Sidpai bardo (Tibetan): is the sixth bardo of becoming or transmigration. This bardo endures until the inner-breath commences in the new transmigrating form determined by the 'karmic seeds' within the storehouse consciousness.
Exegesis
Fremantle (2001: p.53-54) charts the development of the bardo concept through the Himalayan tradition:
Originally bardo referred only to the period between one life and the next, and this is still its normal meaning when it is mentioned without any qualification. There was considerable dispute over this theory during the early centuries of Buddhism, with one side arguing that rebirth (or conception) follows immediately after death, and the other saying that there must be an interval between the two. With the rise of mahayana, belief in a transitional period prevailed. Later Buddhism expanded the whole concept to distinguish six or more similar states, covering the whole cycle of life, death, and rebirth. But it can also be interpreted as any transitional experience, any state that lies between two other states. Its original meaning, the experience of being between death and rebirth, is the prototype of the bardo experience, while the six traditional bardos show how the essential qualities of that experience are also present in other transitional periods. By refining even further the understanding of the essence of bardo, it can then be applied to every moment of existence. The present moment, the now, is a continual bardo, always suspended between the past and the future.
Used somewhat loosely, the term "bardo" may refer to the state of existence intermediate between two lives on earth. According to Tibetan tradition, after death and before one's next birth, when one's consciousness is not connected with a physical body, one experiences a variety of phenomena. These usually follow a particular sequence of degeneration from, just after death, the clearest experiences of reality of which one is spiritually capable, to, later on, terrifying hallucinations arising from the impulses of one's previous unskillful actions. For the spiritually advanced the bardo offers a state of great opportunity for liberation, since transcendental insight may arise with the direct experience of reality, while for others it can become a place of danger as the karmically created hallucinations can impel one into a less than desirable rebirth.
In the West, the term bardo may also refer to times when our usual way of life becomes suspended, as, for example, when we are on retreat. Such times can prove fruitful for spiritual progress, as external constraints diminish, although they offer challenges because our unskillful impulses can come to the fore, just as in the sidpa bardo .
Many Buddhist teachers such as HH the Dalai Lama, Thubten Zopa Rinpoche and even non-Buddhist ones such Osho have laid great stress on Bardo in lectures and books. Bardo is explained at great length in many lectures such as "Impermanence and Death by Kyabje Lama Zopa Rinpoche" (http://www.lamayeshe.com/index.php?sect=article&id=446). Sometimes, for Tibetan Buddhist monks bardo implies a time for a particular Tibetan Buddhist ritual that was used as an attempt to keep a dying person who is a cultivator in a total wakeful state while he is on brink of death. In this practice, used more commonly with monk practitioners accustomed to advanced meditative states, other monks may make loud noises, chanting and run about his death-bed to make sure he does not fall into sleep while dying. Other lamas will repeatedly speak into his ears words like Amitabha Buddha or a Buddhist mantra to stick to wakefullness and not to fall prey to the typical hallucinations that a dying man is commonly subject to. And after passing out of body to take birth in a place more agreeable to spiritual cultivation. And if one is a Hinayana practitioner not to attain another body at all, but to help realize Nirvana (final liberation).
See also
- Bardo Thodol, Liberation through Hearing in the Intermediate State (misleadingly translated under the title The Tibetan Book of the Dead )
- Six realms
- Six Yogas of Naropa
- Phowa
- Reality vs dreams
- Tibetan Buddhism
Notes
- ^ Shugchang, Padma (editor); Sherab, Khenchen Palden & Dongyal, Khenpo Tse Wang (2000). A Modern Commentary on Karma Lingpa's Zhi-Khro: teachings on the peaceful and wrathful deities . Padma Gochen Ling. Source: (accessed: December 27, 2007)
Further reading
- The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying. 1993. Sogyal Rinpoche. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.
- Luminous Emptiness. 2001. Francesca Fremantle. Boston: Shambala Publications. ISBN: 1-57062-450-X
- American Book of the Dead. 1987. E.J. Gold. Nevada City: IDHHB.
- Death, Intermediate State, and Rebirth. 1981. Lati Rinpoche. Snow Lion Publications. http://www.snowlionpub.com/html/product_1117.html
- The Psychedelic Experience: A Manual Based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead. 1967. Timothy Leary et al. http:
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